Table 3.
Odds Ratios from Growth Curve Models Predicting Changes in Parent–Adult Child Relationship Over Time for Women
| Frequent contact | Downward financial transfer | |
|---|---|---|
| Time | 0.93 | 0.99 |
| Union transitions | ||
| Divorce | 2.11* | 0.83 |
| Years since divorce | 1.03 | 1.01 |
| Repartnering after divorce | 0.42 | 0.83 |
| Years since repartnering | 1.04 | 0.91 |
| Parental characteristics | ||
| Marital duration | 0.98 | 0.99 |
| Higher-order marriage | 0.53 | 0.60 |
| Age | 1.09** | 1.03 |
| Race–ethnicity (ref. = White) | ||
| Black | 0.60 | 0.40* |
| Hispanic | 0.56 | 0.32** |
| Educational attainment (ref. = High school or lower) | ||
| Some college | 0.35** | 1.90 |
| College or higher | 0.32 | 7.72*** |
| Household income (in 1998 dollars, logged) | 1.04 | 1.11 |
| Employment status | 1.43 | 1.14 |
| Homeownership | 1.40 | 1.06 |
| Self-reported health | 1.12 | 1.06 |
| Nonadult children (<age 25) | 1.17 | 0.96 |
| Adult child characteristics | ||
| Age | 0.91** | 0.96 |
| Son | 0.22*** | 0.48*** |
| Shared biological child | 1.21 | 0.74 |
| Married or cohabiting | 0.89 | 0.88 |
| Educational attainment (years) | 1.03 | 0.87** |
| Student status | 2.30** | 2.29** |
| Employment status | 0.56** | 0.82 |
| Homeownership | 0.93 | 0.49*** |
| Parental status | 0.94 | 1.40 |
| Intercept | 5.19 | 0.58 |
| Random effects | ||
| Adult child level | 3.99*** | 0.56** |
| Respondent level | 2.08*** | 2.87*** |
| Log likelihood | −5,285,444.290 | −7,016,248.81 |
Source: Health and Retirement Study, 1998–2014.
*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.