Table 1.
Demographic, General Characteristics, Neuropsychological Testing, and Epigenetic Age Acceleration Between the NCA and SCA Groups.
| Variables | Categories |
Total
(n = 29) |
NCA
(n = 15) |
SCA
(n = 14) |
p | Cohen’s d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 75.7 ± 4.3 | 75.1 ± 4.9 | 76.4 ± 3.6 | 0.430 | ||
| Sex | 0.867 | |||||
| Male | 13 (44.8%) | 9 (60.0%) | 7 (50.0%) | |||
| Female | 16 (55.2%) | 6 (40.0%) | 7 (50.0%) | |||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.2 ± 3.2 | 25.7 ± 4.0 | 24.6 ± 2.2 | 0.332 | ||
| Smoking | 0.885 | |||||
| Never | 18 (62.1%) | 10 (66.7%) | 8 (57.1%) | |||
| Ever | 11 (37.9%) | 5 (33.3%) | 6 (42.9%) | |||
| Alcohol consumption | 1.000 | |||||
| Never | 10 (34.5%) | 5 (33.3%) | 5 (35.7%) | |||
| Ever | 19 (65.5%) | 10 (66.7%) | 9 (64.3%) | |||
|
Physical activity (day)
|
Vigorous† | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.334 | |
| Moderate† | 3.0 (0.0–6.0) | 3.0 (0.0–6.0) | 3.5 (0.0–7.0) | 0.639 | ||
| Light† | 7.0 (6.5–7.0) | 7.0 (7.0) | 7.0 (6.0–7.0) | 0.684 | ||
| Education (year)† | 8.0 (6.0–12.0) | 7.0 (6.0–12.0) | 12.0 (6.0–13.0) | 0.317 | ||
| Marital status | 0.798 | |||||
| Married | 19 (65.5%) | 9 (60.0%) | 10 (71.4%) | |||
| Divorced & widowed | 10 (34.5%) | 6 (40.0%) | 4 (28.6%) | |||
| Living status | 1.000 | |||||
| Alone | 8 (27.6%) | 4 (26.7%) | 4 (28.6%) | |||
| With others | 21 (72.4%) | 11 (73.3%) | 10 (71.4%) | |||
| Living area | 0.445 | |||||
| Urban | 22 (75.9%) | 10 (66.7%) | 12 (85.7%) | |||
| Rural | 7 (24.1%) | 5 (33.3%) | 2 (14.3%) | |||
| Neuropsychological Test | MMSE-KC† | 26.0 (25.0–27.0) | 29.0 (28.0–29.0) | <0.001 | ||
| Word List Memory | 16.7 ± 2.5 | 21.7 ± 2.3 | <0.001 | |||
| Word List Recall† | 5.0 (4.0–7.0) | 8.0 (7.0–9.0) | <0.001 | |||
| Word List Recognition† | 9.0 (8.0–10.0) | 10.0 (10.0) | 0.017 | |||
| Digit Span Forward† | 6.0 (4.0–7.0) | 7.0 (6.0–8.0) | 0.009 | |||
| Digit Span Backward | 3.6 ± 0.8 | 5.6 ± 1.2 | <0.001 | |||
| Frontal Assessment Battery† | 14.0 (11.0-15.0) | 16.0 (16.0–17.0) | <0.001 | |||
| Epigenetic age acceleration | DNA methylation age (year) | 71.1 ± 7.5 | 68.8 ± 4.9 | 0.340 | ||
| Universal Age Acceleration | 2.0 ± 5.5 | −1.5 ± 3.4 | 0.054 | 0.77 | ||
| IEAA | 2.0 ± 5.4 | −1.6 ± 3.1 | 0.041 | 0.82 | ||
| EEAA | 1.8 ± 4.2 | −1.3 ± 3.7 | 0.042 | 0.78 |
Note. †Mann-Whitney U test. NCA = normal cognitive aging; SCA = successful cognitive aging; MMSE-KC = Mini-Mental State exam in the Korean version; IEAA = intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration; EEAA = extrinsic epigenetic age acceleration.