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. 2021 Sep 2;25(1):13–25. doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab051

Table 2.

Subjective Effects Pharmacodynamics Parameters’ Statistical Analysis

Outcomes A A/RB RB P Parameter ES
(95% CI)		 ES
(95% CI)		 Interaction A vs A/RB
Mean ± SD Mean ± SD MEAN ± SD Mean ± SD Alcohol RB
Drunkenness 51.81 ± 25.37 40.31 ± 24.72 0.00 ± 0.00 3.81 ± 8.14 Peak 48 (33.8 to 62.2)*** −3.8 (−18.0 to 10.4) N.S. N.S.
mm 132.72 ± 83.27 105.14 ± 84.83 0.00 ± 0.00 4.75 ± 10.30 AUC0-8h 127.9 (83.1 to 172.8)*** −4.8 (−49.6 to 40.1) N.S. N.S.
Drowsiness 50.25 ± 28.79 25.31 ± 26.86 6.94 ± 21.74 12.25 ± 20.07 Peak 38.0 (23.6 to 52.4)*** −5.3 (−19.7 to 9.1) N.S. * **
mm 170.63 ± 131.86 56.97 ± 81.69 19.36 ± 69.22 36.67 ± 80.36 AUC0-8h 134.0 (92.2 to 175.7)*** −17.3 (−59.1 to 24.4) N.S. ** ***
Dizziness 23.63 ± 24.72 15.63 ± 18.59 5.19 ± 18.96 4.31 ± 15.46 Peak 19.3 (8.5 to 30.1)*** 0.9 (−9.9 to 11.7) N.S. N.S
mm 70.47 ± 101.31 33.02 ± 49.57 7.41 ± 28.71 6.44 ± 23.81 AUC0-8h 64.0 (28.6 to 99.4)*** 1 (−34.5 to 36.4) N.S. N.S
Palpitations 3.69 ± 8.93 4.13 ± 8.92 5.75 ± 20.41 1.19 ± 4.75 Peak 2.5 (−4.2 to 9.2) N.S. 4.6 (−2.2 to 11.3) N.S. N.S.
mm 15.83 ± 50.17 11.78 ± 28.12 9.38 ± 35.01 4.69 ± 18.75 AUC0-8h 11.1 (−1.8 to 24.1) N.S. 4.7 (−8.3 to 17.6) N.S. N.S.
Anxiety 9.13 ± 17.24 5.31 ± 9.39 6.69 ± 22.35 2.94 ± 9.62 Peak 6.2 (−1.4 to 13.7) N.S. 3.8 (−3.8 to 11.3) N.S. N.S.
mm 23.42 ± 62.26 13.70 ± 29.38 13.22 ± 48.53 9.00 ± 34.69 AUC0-8h 14.4 (−0.1 to 28.9) N.S. 4.3 (−10.3 to 18.7) N.S. N.S
Headache 11.94 ± 17.60 5.00 ± 10.98 0.13 ± 0.50 3.13 ± 6.36 Peak 8.8 (0.8 to 16.9)* −3.0 (−11.1 to 5.0) N.S. N.S.
mm 35.31 ± 63.71 9.13 ± 24.58 0.13 ± 0.50 6.98 ± 15.85 AUC0-8h 28.3 (1.3 to 55.4)* −6.8(−33.9 to 20.2) N.S. N.S.
EAVc1 58.31 ± 25.73 41.00 ± 28.55 2.81 ± 11.25 3.69 ± 8.14 Peak 54.6 (39.5 to 39.5)*** −0.9 (−16.0 to 14.3) N.S. N.S.
mm 148.72 ± 212.44 100.48 ± 76.08 5.59 ± 22.38 7.34 ± 16.36 AUC0-4h 141.4 (100.5 to 182.3)*** −1.8 (−42.7 to 39.2) N.S. N.S.
mm 72.96 ± 96.31 85.41 ± 60.82 17.06 ± 48.26 19.16 ± 35.47 AUC0-8h 193.3 (135.1 to 251.4)*** −2.0 (−60.3 to 56.1) N.S. ** ***
EAVc2 −61.94 ± 30.94 −41.56 ± 34.62 −3.00 ± 12.00 −5.81 ± 13.43 Peak −56.1 (−71.7 to −40.5)*** 2.8 (−128 to 18.4) N.S. N.S.
mm −177.64 ± 116.40 −112.36 ± 103.41 −7.56 ± 30.25 −10.69 ± 24.31 AUC0-4h −167.0 (−220.7 to −113.2)*** 3.1 (−50.7 to 56.9) N.S. N.S.
mm −247.09 ± 150.72 −107.28 ± 123.28 −21.13 ± 59.76 −24.47 ± 54.86 AUC0-8h −222.6 (−313.9 to −131.3)*** 3.3 (−87.9 to 94.6) N.S. * **
EAVc3 −69.50 ± 31.16 −50.44 ± 37.42 −2.19 ± 8.75 −6.38 ± 13.81 Peak −63.1 (−80.7 to −45.6)*** 4.2 (−13.4 to 21.7) N.S. N.S.
mm −204.81 ± 121.55 −139.78 ± 118.95 −4.73 ± 18.94 −11.61 ± 27.05 AUC0-4h −193.2 (−253.6 to −132.8)*** 6.8 (−53.5 to 67.3) N.S. N.S.
mm −284.00 ± 139.82 −127.84 ± 146.47 −13.84 ± 39.16 −23.81 ± 44.10 AUC0-8h −260.2 (−361.6 to −158.8)*** 9.9 (−91.4 to 111.4) N.S. * **
EAVc4 −78.50 ± 28.00 −60.13 ± 35.50 −1.56 ± 6.25 −7.81 ± 17.78 Peak −70.7 (−88.4 to −52.9)*** 6.3 (−11.5 to 24.0) N.S. N.S.
mm −234.06 ± 105.57 −175.38 ± 116.47 −5.06 ± 20.25 −16.38 ± 40.12 AUC0-4h −217.7 (−276.4 to −159.1)*** 11.3 (−47.3 to 70.0) N.S. N.S.
mm −334.69 ± 143.12 −166.91 ± 168.22 −13.25 ± 37.48 −34.56 ± 69.77 AUC0-8h −300.1 (−411.6 to −188.7)*** 21.3 (−90.1 to 132.8) N.S. * **
BAES-A 14.75 ± 9.07 22.69 ± 15.87 8.75 ± 11.47 3.13 ± 7.07 Peak 11.6 (4.2 to 19.1)** 5.6 (−1.8 to 13.1) N.S. N.S.
score 37.73 ± 32.98 60.34 ± 49.64 18.68 ± 28.53 7.81 ± 25.59 AUC0-8h 29.9 (11.7 to 48.2)** 10.9 (−7.4 to 29.1) N.S. N.S.
BAES-S 21.19 ± 13.83 12.63 ± 11.84 3.63 ± 12.68 5.63 ± 14.01 Peak 15.6 (9.2 to 21.9)*** −2.0 (−8.4 to 4.4) N.S. N.S.
score 83.23 ± 81.40 44.27 ± 61.83 20.56 ± 77.85 26.33 ± 78.28 AUC0-8h 56.9 (32.5 to 81.3)*** −5.7 (−30.2 to 18.7) N.S. * **
ARCI-PCAG 4.81 ± 3.75 1.75 ± 3.92 −0.63 ± 2.87 0.94 ± 2.70 Peak 3.9 (1.7 to 6.0)*** −1.6 (−3.7 to 0.6) N.S. N.S.
score 25.03 ± 21.73 6.22 ± 15.81 −0.53 ± 14.62 5.19 ± 11.24 AUC 0-8h 19.8 (10.6 to 29.1)*** −5.7 (−15.0 to 3.5) N.S. * ***
ARCI-MBG 5.41 ± 8.97 5.19 ± 4.05 1.00 ± 1.32 0.75 ± 1.53 Peak 4.7 (0.7 to 8.6)* 0.3 (−3.7 to 4.2) N.S. N.S.
score 5.20 ± 5.77 14.50 ± 12.69 3.09 ± 4.21 1.23 ± 4.57 AUC0-8h 4.0 (−1.4 to 9.3) N.S. 1.9 (−3.5 to 7.2) N.S * **
ARCI-LSD 1.38 ± 2.55 0.81 ± 2.43 0.44 ± 2.03 0.25 ± 2.08 Peak 1.1 (0.1 to 2.1)* 0.2 (−0.8 to 1.2) N.S. N.S.
score 4.00 ± 13.42 3.69 ± 11.67 3.13 ± 13.04 2.14 ± 11.90 AUC0-8h 1.9 (−1.1 to 4.8) N.S. 1.0 (−2.0 to 3.9) N.S N.S
ARCI-BG −1.25 ± 2.32 1.88 ± 2.16 0.81 ± 0.91 0.25 ± 1.61 Peak −1.5 (−2.9 to −0.1)* 0.6 (−0.9 to 2.0) N.S ** ***
score −6.64 ± 8.74 5.59 ± 7.36 2.14 ± 4.76 −0.38 ± 3.71 AUC0-8h −6.3 (−11.0 to −1.5)** 2.5 (−2.3 to 7.3) N.S ** ***
ARCI-A 1.93 ± 1.57 3.69 ± 2.12 1.00 ± 1.41 0.88 ± 1.59 Peak 1.0 (−0.1 to 2.2) N.S. 0.1 (.1.0 to 1.2) N.S. * **
score 6.56 ± 6.93 13.52 ± 9.84 3.97 ± 6.95 3.14 ± 7.90 AUC0-8h 3.4 (−0.8 to 7.6) N.S 0.8 (−3.4 to 5.1) N.S * **

Abbreviations: A, alcohol + placebo Red Bull; A/RB, alcohol + Red Bull; ARCI, Addiction Research Center Inventory; ARCI-A, amphetamine; ARCI-LSD, lysergic acid dyethylamide scale; ARCI-MG, benzedrine group, ARCI-MBG, morphine-benzedrine group; ARCI-PCAG, pentobarbital-chlorpromazine-alcohol group; AUC, area under the curve; BAES-A, Biphasic alcohol effects scale activation, BAES-S, biphasic alcohol effects scale sedation; CI, confidence interval; EAVc1, driving capability; EAVc2, willingness to drive an ill child to hospital; EAVc3, willingness to drive a sick friend home; EAVc4, willingness to drive a friend to a party; ES, estimated substance effect; RB, Red Bull + placebo alcohol; P, placebo alcohol + placebo Red Bull. N.S. mean not significant; * P < .05; ** P < .01; *** P < .001.