Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics, and Cortisol Outcome Measures of the Study Sample
| HV n=34 |
HR-R n=29 |
HR-SA/MOOD n=25 |
HR-MOOD n=31 |
Test(df) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, % (n) Males | 35.3 (12) | 34.5 (10) | 32.0 (8) | 29.0 (9) |
χ 2(3) = 0.34 |
.952 |
| Age, (mean ± SD) | 41.26 ± 9.83 | 36.83 ± 11.06 | 36.21 ± 10.06 | 37.03 ± 9.21 |
F(3,114) =1.68 |
.175 |
| Ethnicity, % (n) non-Hispanic | 91.2 (31) | 93.1 (27) | 70.8 (17) | 90.3 (28) |
7.46 |
.059 |
| Race, % (n) white | 61.8 (21) | 58.6 (17) | 58.3 (14) | 67.7 (21) |
0.71 |
.871 |
| Site, % (n) NY | 50.0 (17) | 41.4 (12) | 48.0 (12) | 41.9 (13) |
0.70 |
.874 |
| BMI, (mean ± SD) |
25.27 ± 4.84 |
27.47 ± 5.87 |
28.56 ± 7.66 |
27.01 ± 6.68 |
F(3,114)=1.42 |
.239 |
| Smoking, % (n) | 5.9 (2) | 17.2 (5) | 28.0 (7) | 29.0 (9) |
FET |
.053 |
| Lifetime history of psychiatric disorders | ||||||
| Major depressive disorder, % (n) |
- |
- | 77.3 (17)b | 89.3 (25)b |
χ 2(1) =1.32 |
.25 |
| Bipolar disorder, % (n) |
- |
- | 18.2 (4)b | 3.6 (1)b |
FET |
.16 |
| Mood disorders, % (n) |
- |
- | 95.5 (21)b | 92.9 (26)b |
χ 2(1) =0.15 |
.70 |
| Anxiety disorders, % (n) |
- |
14.3 (4)a | 72.7 (16)b | 57.1 (16)b |
FET |
<.001 |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) , % (n) |
- |
- | 31.8 (7)a | 7.1 (2)a |
FET |
.49 |
| Alcohol and substance use disorders, % (n) |
- |
17.9 (5)a | 59.1 (13)b | 28.6 (8)ab |
FET |
.03 |
| Current psychiatric disorders | ||||||
| Major depressive disorder, % (n) |
- |
- | 59.1 (13)b | 28.6 (8)c |
χ 2(1) =4.71 |
.03 |
| Bipolar disorder, % (n) |
- |
- | 9.1 (2) | 0.0 (0) |
FET |
.08 |
| Mood disorders, % (n) | - | - | 68.2 (15)b | 28.6 (8)c |
χ 2(1) =7.78 |
.01 |
| Anxiety disorders, % (n) | - | 10.7 (3)a | 59.1 (13)b | 46.4 (13)ab |
FET |
<.001 |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) , % (n) |
- |
- | 9.1 (2) | 7.1 (2) |
FET |
>.999 |
| Alcohol and substance use disorders, % (n) | - | 0.0 (0) | 4.5 (1) | 0.0 (0) |
FET |
.28 |
| Self-reported symptoms | ||||||
| Depression symptoms, (mean ± SD) |
1.53 (2.26)a |
2.03 (2.96)b |
19.20 (11.55)c |
0.35 (9.28)d |
F(3,115)=34.05 | <.001 |
| Hopelessness, (mean ± SD) | 1.44 ± 1.65a | 1.52 ± 2.44a | 8.84 ± 6.35b | 5.00 ± 6.24c | F(3,115)=16.29 |
<.001 |
| Aggression, (mean ± SD) |
12.03 (2.56)a |
13.89 (3.75)ac |
20.60 (5.38)b |
16.37 (5.46)c |
F(3,108)=18.12 | <.001 |
| Impulsivity, (mean ± SD) | 33.83 (11.91)a |
38.04 (20.91)a |
55.70 (18.55)b |
38.96 (15.68)a |
F(3,93)=7.37 |
<.001 |
| Family history of suicide attempt in 1st degree relatives, % (n) |
- |
78.6 (22) | 71.4 (15) | 82.8 (24) |
FET |
.62 |
| Psychotropic medications, % (n) |
- |
6.9 (2)a | 80.0 (20)b | 64.5 (20)b |
FET |
<.001 |
| Childhood abuse, % (n) |
2.9 (1)a |
6.9 (2)a | 40.0 (10)b | 16.1 (5)ab |
FET |
.001 |
| TSST measures | ||||||
| Baseline cortisol (Cort-10), (mean ± SD) |
0.97 ± 0.57 |
0.77 ± 0.44 |
0.88 ± 0.51 |
0.87 ± 0.55 |
F(3,106)=0.71 |
.549 |
| Total cortisol output (AUCG), (mean ± SD) |
68.4 ± 32.9 |
55.2 ± 33.6 |
61.9 ± 37.6 |
60.5 ± 33.8 |
F(3,97)=0.68 |
.568 |
| Cortisol reactivity (AUCi), (mean ± SD) |
10.5 ± 30.5 |
12.5 ± 34.3 |
5.54 ± 27.3 |
9.55 ± 27.5 |
F(3,97)=0.21 |
.891 |
| POMS before TSST (-10 mins), (mean ± SD) | 0.79 ± 14.09ab | −7.43 ± 12.31a | 31.54 ± 36.96c | 11.07 ± 22.47b |
F(3,111)=14.55 |
<.001 |
| POMS after TSST (15 mins), (mean ± SD) | 9.00 ± 19.74a | 3.86 ± 22.95a | 58.39 ± 43.18b | 20.18 ± 21.93a |
F(3,105)=19.75 |
<.001 |
| POMS after TSST (40 mins), (mean ± SD) | 1.13 ± 13.75ab | −6.54 ± 13.46a | 37.26 ± 34.00c | 10.29 ± 24.69b |
F(3,105)=17.86 |
<.001 |
Abbreviations: HV, healthy volunteers without a family history of mood disorder or suicidal behavior; HR-R, high-risk resilient with no mood disorder or suicidal behavior; HR-SA/MOOD, high-risk with mood disorder and suicidal behavior; HR-MOOD, high-risk with mood disorders and no suicidal behavior.
Superscripts are used for posthoc comparisons. POMS is the Profile of Mood States.