Table 2.
Hazard ratios for lung cancer incidence according to history of occupational pesticide exposure, and smoking status
| Overall (n=7,471) | Men (n=2,748) | Women (n=4,723) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Cases (%) | HR (95% CI) | p-value | Cases (%) | HR (95% CI) | p-value | Cases (%) | HR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Model 1 | |||||||||
| Occupational pesticide use | |||||||||
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| |||||||||
| No | 31 (0.9) | 1.000 (reference) | 15 (1.5) | 1.000 (reference) | 16 (0.6) | 1.000 (reference) | |||
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| Yes | 92 (2.3) | 3.125 (2.056–4.748) | < 0.001 | 74 (4.2) | 3.233 (1.825–5.727) | < 0.001 | 18 (0.8) | 1.542 (0.775–3.068) | 0.218 |
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| Average frequency of pesticide use per year | |||||||||
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| |||||||||
| Continuous | 1.014 (1.003–1.026) | 0.017 | 1.007 (0.992–1.022) | 0.396 | 1.010 (0.982–1.039) | 0.473 | |||
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| < 5 | 61 (1.4) | 1.000 (reference) | 39 (2.8) | 1.000 (reference) | 22 (0.7) | 1.000 (reference) | |||
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| 5–9 | 13 (1.3) | 0.966 (0.530–1.761) | 0.910 | 11 (2.7) | 1.024 (0.524–2.003) | 0.945 | 2 (0.3) | 0.467 (0.109–1.992) | 0.304 |
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| 10–19 | 36 (2.7) | 2.016 (1.332–3.052) | 0.001 | 29 (4.8) | 1.688 (1.041–2.737) | 0.034 | 7 (1.0) | 1.383 (0.588–3.254) | 0.457 |
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| ≥ 20 | 13 (2.1) | 1.598 (0.876–2.913) | 0.126 | 10 (2.8) | 1.027 (0.511–2.061) | 0.941 | 3 (1.1) | 1.602 (0.478–5.373) | 0.445 |
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| Duration of pesticide use (yr) | |||||||||
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| |||||||||
| Continuous | 1.030 (1.020–1.040) | < 0.001 | 1.025 (1.013–1.037) | < 0.001 | 1.028 (1.010–1.046) | 0.003 | |||
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| < 5 | 23 (0.8) | 1.000 (reference) | 11 (1.4) | 1.000 (reference) | 12 (0.6) | 1.000 (reference) | |||
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| 5–9 | 7 (2.1) | 3.202 (1.361–7.535) | 0.008 | 5 (3.5) | 2.942 (1.007–8.596) | 0.049 | 2 (1.0) | 2.242 (0.496–10.127) | 0.294 |
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| 10–19 | 10 (1.4) | 2.117 (0.997–4.496) | 0.051 | 9 (3.1) | 2.642 (1.075–6.492) | 0.034 | 1 (0.2) | 0.497 (0.064–3.847) | 0.503 |
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| ≥ 20 | 83 (2.4) | 3.738 (2.314–6.036) | < 0.001 | 64 (4.2) | 3.572 (1.839–6.938) | < 0.001 | 19 (1.0) | 2.172 (1.030–4.580) | 0.042 |
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| Smoking status (pack-years) | |||||||||
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| |||||||||
| Continuous | 1.030 (1.025–1.034) | < 0.001 | 1.023 (1.017–1.029) | < 0.001 | 1.035 (1.001–1.071) | 0.043 | |||
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| Never smoker | 27 (0.6) | 1.000 (reference) | 2 (0.4) | 1.000 (reference) | 25 (0.6) | 1.000 (reference) | |||
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| < 30 | 32 (2.3) | 4.452 (2.667–7.430) | < 0.001 | 24 (2.2) | 5.986 (1.414–25.333) | 0.015 | 8 (2.6) | 5.144 (2.318–11.419) | < 0.001 |
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| ≥ 30 | 64 (5.7) | 11.924 (7.594–18.723) | < 0.001 | 63 (5.8) | 17.272 (4.226–70.587) | < 0.001 | 1 (2.4) | 4.582 (0.621–33.824) | 0.130 |
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| Model 2 | |||||||||
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| Occupational pesticide use | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| No | 31 (0.9) | 1.000 (reference) | 15 (1.5) | 1.000 (reference) | 16 (0.6) | 1.000 (reference) | |||
|
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| Yes | 92 (2.3) | 1.819 (1.109–2.984) | 0.018 | 74 (4.2) | 2.395 (1.191–4.817) | 0.014 | 18 (0.8) | 1.268 (0.570–2.820) | 0.560 |
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| Average frequency of pesticide use per year | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Continuous | 0.998 (0.982–1.014) | 0.814 | 0.995 (0.977–1.014) | 0.626 | 1.009 (0.977–1.042) | 0.593 | |||
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| < 5 | 61 (1.4) | 1.000 (reference) | 39 (2.8) | 1.000 (reference) | 22 (0.7) | 1.000 (reference) | |||
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| 5–9 | 13 (1.3) | 0.708 (0.379–1.321) | 0.278 | 11 (2.7) | 0.847 (0.420–1.708) | 0.643 | 2 (0.3) | 0.424 (0.095–1.884) | 0.260 |
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| 10–19 | 36 (2.7) | 1.241 (0.777–1.984) | 0.366 | 29 (4.8) | 1.279 (0.736–2.222) | 0.383 | 7 (1.0) | 1.155 (0.455–2.931) | 0.762 |
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| ≥ 20 | 13 (2.1) | 0.799 (0.414–1.544) | 0.505 | 10 (2.8) | 0.694 (0.322–1.496) | 0.351 | 3 (1.1) | 1.329 (0.371–4.762) | 0.662 |
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| Duration of pesticide use (yr) | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Continuous | 1.009 (0.998–1.020) | 0.124 | 1.004 (0.990–1.017) | 0.596 | 1.020 (1.001–1.040) | 0.038 | |||
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| < 5 | 23 (0.8) | 1.000 (reference) | 11 (1.4) | 1.000 (reference) | 12 (0.6) | 1.000 (reference) | |||
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| 5–9 | 7 (2.1) | 2.690 (1.103–6.563) | 0.030 | 5 (3.5) | 3.894 (1.215–12.483) | 0.022 | 2 (1.0) | 2.075 (0.440–9.776) | 0.356 |
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| 10–19 | 10 (1.4) | 1.609 (0.721–3.590) | 0.246 | 9 (3.1) | 2.747 (0.984–7.671) | 0.054 | 1 (0.2) | 0.467 (0.059–3.719) | 0.472 |
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| ≥ 20 | 83 (2.4) | 1.935 (1.093–3.425) | 0.023 | 64 (4.2) | 2.434 (1.048–5.654) | 0.039 | 19 (1.0) | 1.822 (0.789–4.208) | 0.160 |
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| Smoking status (pack-years) | |||||||||
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| |||||||||
| Continuous | 1.020 (1.013–1.026) | < 0.001 | 1.020 (1.013–1.026) | < 0.001 | 1.025 (0.987–1.064) | 0.197 | |||
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| Never smoker | 27 (0.6) | 1.000 (reference) | 2 (0.4) | 1.000 (reference) | 25 (0.6) | 1.000 (reference) | |||
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| < 30 | 32 (2.3) | 3.440 (1.833–6.454) | < 0.001 | 24 (2.2) | 6.533 (1.537–27.762) | 0.011 | 8 (2.6) | 3.782 (1.612–8.876) | 0.002 |
|
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| ≥ 30 | 64 (5.7) | 7.447 (3.858–14.375) | < 0.001 | 63 (5.8) | 14.532 (3.541–59.638) | < 0.001 | 1 (2.4) | 3.429 (0.439–26.810) | 0.240 |
Model 1: unadjusted. Model 2: Adjusted by age (continuous), sex, smoking status (pack-years, continuous), alcohol consumption, physical activity, obesity, education level, year of cohort entry and study area. CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.