. 2021 Jul 30;13(1):156–166. doi: 10.1111/jdi.13619

Table 2.

Effects of intermittent very low‐calorie diet on various parameters and mean changes at weeks 10 and 20

Variable	Week 10						Week 20
	Control (n = 12)		2 days/week intermittent VLCD (n = 14)		4 days/week intermittent VLCD (n = 14)		Control (n = 12)			2 days/week intermittent VLCD (n = 14)		4 days/week intermittent VLCD (n = 14)
	Mean ± SEM		Mean ± SEM		Mean ± SEM		Mean ± SEM			Mean ± SEM		Mean ± SEM
	Mean difference ± SEM	P‐value by time	Mean difference ± SEM	P ‐value by time	Mean difference ± SEM	P ‐value by time	Mean difference ± SEM		P ‐value by time	Mean difference ± SEM	P ‐value by time	Mean difference ± SEM	P ‐value by time
Glycemic control and indices
FPG (mg/dL)	140.6 ± 9.2		134.3 ± 8.5		107.9 ± 8.5			137.2 ± 10.7		130.9 ± 9.9		119.9 ± 9.9
FPG (mg/dL)	−4.5 ± 12.8	0.728	−21.7 ± 11.9	0.075	−51.7 ± 11.9	<0.001		−7.9 ± 13.5	0.560	−25.1 ± 12.5	0.051	−39.7 ± 12.5		0.003
2‐h glucose after OGTT (mg/dL)	291.0 ± 24.8		266.4 ± 23.0		225.3 ± 23.0			317.3 ± 22.5		256.3 ± 20.8		235.9 ± 20.8
2‐h glucose after OGTT (mg/dL)	−15.7 ± 25.4	0.541	−51.9 ± 23.5	0.033	−123.9 ± 23.5	<0.001		10.7 ± 23.3	0.650	−61.9 ± 21.6	0.007	−113.4 ± 21.6		<0.001
HbA_1C (%)	6.7 ± 0.3		6.7 ± 0.2		6.4 ± 0.2			6.9 ± 0.3		6.8 ± 0.2		6.4 ± 0.3
HbA_1C (%)	−0.2 ± 0.3	0.497	−0.8 ± 0.3	0.010	−1.2 ± 0.3	<0.001		−0.1 ± 0.3	0.862	−0.7 ± 0.3	0.042	−1.2 ± 0.3		<0.001
HOMA‐IR	3.05 ± 0.77		2.57 ± 0.71		2.54 ± 0.71			3.47 ± 0.74		2.48 ± 0.68		2.39 ± 0.68
HOMA‐IR	−0.61 ± 1.00	0.546	−1.74 ± 0.93	0.069	−1.98 ± 0.93	0.040		−0.19 ± 0.94	0.837	−1.83 ± 0.86	0.041	−2.14 ± 0.87		0.018
Matsuda Index	5.39 ± 1.48		5.37 ± 1.37		7.83 ± 1.37			6.22 ± 1.40		6.24 ± 1.30		6.46 ± 1.30
Matsuda Index	0.15 ± 1.18	0.899	0.43 ± 1.09	0.694	3.11 ± 1.09	0.007		0.98 ± 1.17	0.406	1.30 ± 1.08	0.237	1.74 ± 1.08		0.115
Insulinogenic index	0.16± 0.05		0.10 ± 0.05		0.23 ± 0.05			0.15 ± 0.06		0.13 ± 0.06		0.28 ± 0.06
Insulinogenic index	0.04 ± 0.05	0.408	−0.01 ± 0.04	0.860	0.08 ± 0.04	0.067		0.04 ± 0.06	0.552	0.03 ± 0.06	0.625	0.14 ± 0.06		0.019
Disposition index	0.47 ± 0.35		0.48 ± 0.33		1.03 ± 0.33			0.51 ± 0.23		0.33 ± 0.21		1.00 ± 0.21
Disposition index	0.03 ± 0.37	0.938	0.33 ± 0.35	0.352	0.67 ± 0.35	0.060		0.07 ± 0.24	0.765	0.17 ± 0.22	0.434	0.64 ± 0.22		0.006
Metabolic parameters/cardiovascular risk factors
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	187.6 ± 11.0		184.9 ± 10.2		195.2 ± 10.2			200.0 ± 12.4		191.2 ± 11.5		205.1 ± 11.5
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	−1.3 ± 12.1	0.918	3.7 ± 11.2	0.742	−6.3 ± 11.2	0.577		11.2 ± 13.5	0.413	10.1 ± 12.5	0.425	3.6 ± 12.5		0.772
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	134.7 ± 21.0		131.6 ± 19.4		101.8 ± 19.4			132.7 ± 13.4		126.9 ± 12.4		97.8 ± 12.4
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	−13.6 ± 18.5	0.468	−38.9 ± 17.1	0.029	−37.4 ± 17.1	0.035		−15.6 ± 15.6	0.325	−43.5 ± 14.5	0.005	−41.4 ± 14.5		0.007
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	50.2 ±2.5		50.1± 2.3		44.0± 2.3			51.8 ± 2.5		50.4± 2.3		46.1± 2.3
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	−0.2±1.7	0.923	−1.3 ± 1.5	0.421	0.3 ± 1.6	0.857		1.5 ±2.2	0.507	−0.9 ± 2.1	0.657	2.4 ± 2.1		0.249
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	115.0 ± 11.0		111.6± 10.7		133.6± 10.2			127.1 ± 11.6		120.2± 10.7		143.9± 10.7
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	−3.1 ± 11.5	0.790	7.0 ± 10.6	0.514	−1.6 ± 10.6	0.883		9.0 ± 12.7	0.483	15.6 ± 11.7	0.191	8.7 ± 11.7		0.463
AST (U/L)	19.4 ± 2.6		16.4 ± 2.5		22.3 ± 2.5			19.1 ± 2.7		18.8 ± 2.5		21.8 ± 2.5
AST (U/L)	−2.3± 3.6	0.519	−3.1 ± 3.3	0.349	−8.8 ± 3.3	0.012		−2.7 ± 3.3	0.430	−0.8 ± 3.1	0.801	−9.3 ± 3.1		0.005
ALT (U/L)	19.0 ± 2.3		15.1 ± 2.1		23.5 ± 2.1			20.3 ± 2.2		13.7 ± 2.1		24.6 ± 2.1
ALT (U/L)	−5.5±3.3	0.106	−4.3 ± 3.1	0.164	−9.4 ± 3.1	0.004		−4.2 ± 3.7	0.264	−5.8 ± 3.5	0.104	−8.3 ± 3.5		0.022
Systolic BP (mmHg)	133.4 ± 5.0		128.3 ± 4.6		127.4 ± 4.6			125.5 ± 4.0		121.7 ± 4.6		131.1 ± 3.7
Systolic BP (mmHg)	−7.0±5.2	0.188	5.4±4.8	0.275	−13.5±4.8	0.008		−14.9±5.0	0.005	−1.2±4.6	0.794	−9.7 ±4.6		0.042
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	78.0 ± 3.4		79.2 ± 3.2		74.7 ± 3.2			73.8 ± 3.3		75.0 ± 3.0		81.9 ± 3.0
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	−2.3 ± 4.9	0.647	4.4 ± 4.5	0.341	−10.9 ± 4.5	0.021		−6.5 ± 4.6	0.163	0.1 ± 4.2	0.973	−3.8 ± 4.2		0.377
Anthropometric parameters
Weight (kg)	68.7 ± 5.6		71.7 ± 5.1		76.1 ± 5.1			68.7 ± 5.7		71.7 ± 5.2		74.3 ± 5.2
Weight (kg)	−4.9 ± 1.1	<0.001	−5.5 ± 1.0	<0.001	−6.8 ± 1.0	<0.001		−4.9 ± 1.4	0.002	−5.5 ± 1.3	<0.001	−8.6 ± 1.3		<0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	27.2 ± 1.6		27.7 ± 1.5		28.0 ± 1.5			27.1 ± 1.6		27.8 ± 1.5		27.4 ± 1.5
BMI (kg/m²)	−2.0 ± 0.5	<0.001	−2.1 ± 0.4	<0.001	−3.0 ± 0.4	<0.001		−2.0 ± 0.6	<0.001	−2.1 ± 0.5	0.001	−3.6 ± 0.5		<0.001
Fat mass (kg)	23.0 ± 3.2		25.7 ± 3.0		23.4 ± 3.0			22.6 ± 3.2		25.2 ± 3.0		22.4 ± 3.0
Fat mass (kg)	−3.4 ± 0.9	<0.001	−4.0 ± 0.8	<0.001	−4.5 ± 0.8	<0.001		−3.8 ± 1.1	0.001	−4.5 ± 1.0	<0.001	−5.4 ± 1.0		<0.001
Fat‐free mass (kg)	45.7 ± 3.5		46.0 ± 3.3		52.7 ± 3.3			46.1 ± 4.0		46.5 ± 3.7		49.8 ± 3.7
Fat‐free mass (kg)	−1.5 ± 0.5	0.007	−1.5 ± 0.5	0.005	−2.3 ± 0.5	<0.001		−1.1 ± 2.0	0.572	−1.0 ± 1.8	0.603	−5.2 ± 1.8		0.007
Quality of life
SF‐36 (point)	2,730 ± 116		2,785 ± 107		2,866 ± 107			2,684 ± 127		2,757 ± 118		2,697 ± 118
SF‐36 (point)	166 ± 158	0.299	341 ± 146	0.025	784 ± 146	<0.001		120 ± 171	0.485	313 ± 158	0.055	615 ± 158		<0.001

ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in _{kilograms divided by height in meters squared); BP, blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose;} HbA_1C, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; SEM, standard error of the mean; SF‐36, short‐form 36 items; VLCD, very low‐calorie diet.