Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 831 patients with type 2 diabetes
| Total | CAN (−) | CAN (+) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 831 | n = 713 | n = 118 | ||
| Women, n (%) | 223 (26.8) | 202 (28.3) | 21 (17.8) | 0.01 |
| Age (years) | 55.9 ± 11.6 | 55.9 ± 11.6 | 56.4 ± 11.4 | 0.65 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 3 (0, 9) | 3 (0, 9) | 4 (0, 11) | 0.02 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.8 ± 4.9 | 25.7 ± 4.9 | 26.0 ± 4.6 | 0.64 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.6 ± 2.0 | 8.6 ± 2.0 | 8.6 ± 1.8 | 0.93 |
| Unknown, n (%) | 4 (0.5) | 3 (0.4) | 1 (0.8) | |
| Standard deviation of R‐R interval (ms) | 26.4 ± 13.5 | 29.0 ± 12.8 | 10.8 ± 3.7 | <0.0001 |
| Mean of R‐R interval (ms) | 880.2 ± 135.9 | 889.3 ± 132.6 | 825.3 ± 143.0 | <0.0001 |
| CVR‐R (%) | 3.0 ± 1.4 | 3.2 ± 1.3 | 1.3 ± 0.39 | <0.0001 |
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 61.4 ± 12.8 | 61.1 ± 12.0 | 63.4 ± 16.8 | 0.07 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.80 ± 0.43 | 0.79 ± 0.42 | 0.88 ± 0.46 | 0.046 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 80.3 ± 20.9 | 80.8 ± 20.4 | 77.4 ± 24.0 | 0.11 |
| Urine albumin‐to‐creatinine‐ratio (mg/gCr) | 9.8 (5.4–24.8) | 9.7 (5.1–23.6) | 12.4 (5.8–42.7) | 0.052 |
| Unknown, n (%) | 167 (20.1) | 132 (18.5) | 35 (29.7) | |
| Dipstick urine test | ||||
| (−)/(±)/(1+, 2+, 3+), n | 706/32/92 | 620/26/67 | 86/6/25 | 0.0007 |
| (−)/(±)/(1+, 2+, 3+), % | 85.1/3.9/11.0 | 87.0/3.6/9.4 | 73.5/5.1/21.4 | |
| Unknown, n (%) | 1 (0.1) | – | 1 (0.8) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130.9 ± 17.6 | 130.0 ± 17.0 | 136.3 ± 20.1 | 0.0003 |
| Unknown, n (%) | 11 (1.3) | 9 (1.3) | 2 (1.7) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.5 ± 11.4 | 77.2 ± 11.2 | 79.7 ± 12.8 | 0.03 |
| Unknown, n (%) | 11 (1.3) | 9 (1.3) | 2 (1.7) | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 196.8 ± 37.6 | 196.2 ± 36.7 | 200.5 ± 42.6 | 0.25 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 127 (89, 181) | 126 (88, 178) | 147 (95, 191) | 0.049 |
| Unknown, n (%) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | – | |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 114.9 ± 32.4 | 114.7 ± 32.2 | 116.0 ± 33.4 | 0.71 |
| Unknown, n (%) | 92 (11.1) | 82 (11.5) | 10 (8.5) | |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 50.3 ± 14.1 | 50.5 ± 13.9 | 48.5 ± 14.8 | 0.14 |
| Unknown, n (%) | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.8) | |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.6 ± 1.4 | 5.6 ± 1.4 | 5.9 ± 1.5 | 0.02 |
| Unknown, n (%) | 2 (0.2) | 2 (0.3) | – | |
| Neuropathic symptoms, n (%) | 134 (23.1) | 117 (23.3) | 17 (21.8) | 0.77 |
| Unknown, n (%) | 240 (29.2) | 200 (28.4) | 40 (33.9) | |
| Decreased distal sensation, n (%) | 248 (40.4) | 211 (39.7) | 37 (45.1) | 0.35 |
| Unknown, n (%) | 207 (25.2) | 171 (24.3) | 36 (30.5) | |
| Decreased or absent ATR, n (%) | 309 (48.4) | 253 (45.5) | 56 (67.5) | 0.0002 |
| Unknown, n (%) | 182 (22.2) | 147 (20.9) | 35 (29.7) | |
| DPSN, n (%) | 158 (32.2) | 134 (31.2) | 24 (39.3) | 0.21 |
| Unknown, n (%) | 331 (40.3) | 274 (39.0) | 57 (48.3) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 477 (57.4) | 398 (55.8) | 79 (66.9) | 0.02 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 318 (38.3) | 258 (36.2) | 60 (50.8) | 0.003 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 488 (58.7) | 409 (57.4) | 79 (66.9) | 0.048 |
| Use rate of ACEIs/ARBs, n (%) | 109 (13.1) | 88 (12.3) | 21 (17.8) | 0.12 |
| Use rate of statin, n (%) | 56 (6.7) | 47 (6.6) | 9 (7.6) | 0.68 |
The values were represented as the mean ± standard deviation, median with interquartile range or number with percentage (%). To test the significance between cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) (−) and CAN (+) patients, we used the unpaired Student’s t‐tests for continuous variables, Wilcoxon’s rank sum test for highly skewed continuous variables and the χ2‐test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Statistical significance was defined as a P‐value <0.05.
ACEIs, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; ATR, Achilles tendon reflex; CVR‐R, coefficient of variation of the R‐R interval; DPSN, diabetic peripheral sensory neuropathy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein.