Table 3.
Multivariable logistic regression estimates of association between gender expressiona and disordered weight control behaviorsb in four U.S. school districts
| Female (n=2,915) | Male (n=2,521) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| ||||||||
| Model 1c | Model 2d | Model 1c | Model 2d | |||||
|
| ||||||||
| OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | |
| Fasted at least 24 hours | ||||||||
| Highly gender conforming (Ref=Mod. conf.) | 1.13 | (0.85, 1.50) | 1.13 | (0.84, 1.51) | 0.94 | (0.58, 1.50) | 0.96 | (0.59, 1.55) |
| Gender nonconforming (Ref=Mod. conf.) | 0.68 | (0.32, 1.44) | 0.61 | (0.27, 1.38) | 3.07 | (2.00, 4.69) | 2.62 | (1.63, 4.20) |
| Bullying victimization (Ref=None) | 2.02 | (1.48, 2.75) | 1.46 | (0.94, 2.28) | ||||
| Peer violence victimization (Ref=None) | 1.99 | (1.45, 2.74) | 2.91 | (1.96, 4.32) | ||||
| Used diet pills, liquids, powders | ||||||||
| Highly gender conforming (Ref=Mod. conf.) | 1.05 | (0.72, 1.53) | 1.03 | (0.72, 1.49) | 1.03 | (0.49, 2.16) | 1.08 | (0.52, 2.26) |
| Gender nonconforming (Ref=Mod. conf.) | 1.15 | (0.50, 2.65) | 1.00 | (0.40, 2.50) | 6.07 | (3.70, 9.94) | 5.02 | (3.06, 8.23) |
| Bullying victimization (Ref=None) | 3.19 | (2.10, 4.85) | 1.73 | (0.85, 3.50) | ||||
| Peer violence victimization (Ref=None) | 1.83 | (1.32, 2.53) | 2.67 | (1.64, 4.34) | ||||
| Vomited or used laxatives | ||||||||
| Highly gender conforming (Ref=Mod. conf.) | 1.24 | (0.85, 1.80) | 1.25 | (0.85, 1.84) | 1.37 | (0.64, 2.93) | 1.41 | (0.63, 3.19) |
| Gender nonconforming (Ref=Mod. conf.) | 1.63 | (0.74, 3.58) | 1.51 | (0.62, 3.68) | 7.23 | (3.55, 14.76) | 6.89 | (3.29, 14.44) |
| Bullying victimization (Ref=None) | 2.49 | (1.73, 3.58) | 2.13 | (1.11, 4.11) | ||||
| Peer violence victimization (Ref=None) | 1.78 | (1.17, 2.72) | 1.16 | (0.57, 2.36) | ||||
OR=Odds Ratio; 95% CI=95% Confidence Interval; bold=statistically significant, α=.05. All models weighted and adjusted for cluster sampling design.
Gender expression (GE) groups: Highly gender conforming: GE score=1; Moderately gender conforming: GE score=2-4; Gender nonconforming: GE score=5-7.
Three disordered weight control behaviors were collected: fasting at least 24 hours, using diet pills, liquids, or powders without a doctor’s advice, or using laxatives or vomiting to lose or maintain weight in past 30 days (yes/no).
Model 1 adjusted for geographic region, age, racial/ethnic identity, and sexual orientation identity.
Model 2 adjusted for Model 1 covariates, plus bullying victimization (online or in-person) and peer violence victimization.