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. 2022 Jan 13;20:15. doi: 10.1186/s12915-021-01184-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 8 — Random-effects meta-analysis of housing effects showing overall hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Subgroups are based on if animals died spontaneously or after disease induction. Blue diamond = SMD estimate (with the width reflecting the 95% CI), location of black squares indicates study hazard ratio and size indicates the weight of the study in the meta-analysis. CH = conventional housing, EH = ‘enriched’ housing, RE = random effects. I² and Q statistic are tests of heterogeneity. Results of the model testing whether hazard ratios are significantly different from one: n = 38, z = 8.87, p < 0.0001