Table 1.
Sociodemographic and Exposure Characteristics of Families (n = 351) Included in an Analysis of Associations Between Prenatal Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Children’s Executive Functioning, by Exposure Levela and Outcomeb, CHAMACOS Study, 1999–2000
| Characteristic |
No. of
Children |
% |
Maternal GM (GSD)
∑DAP Concentration During Pregnancy, nmol/Lc,d,e |
Child’s Mean (SD)
BRIEF GEC Score at Age 9 Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child sex | ||||
| Male | 165 | 47 | 134.3 (2.3) | 49.3 (11.3) |
| Female | 186 | 53 | 126.8 (2.8) | 49.2 (9.1) |
| Maternal country of birth | ||||
| United States | 42 | 12 | 99.9 (2.6) | 51.1 (10.7) |
| Mexico | 305 | 87 | 135.7 (2.8) | 48.9 (10.0) |
| Other | 4 | 1 | 94.8 (1.6) | 58.0 (20.7) |
| Maternal duration of US residence at child delivery, years | ||||
| ≤1 | 78 | 22 | 131.5 (2.6) | 48.4 (9.7) |
| 2–5 | 95 | 27 | 146.8 (3.0) | 49.8 (10.7) |
| 6–10 | 87 | 25 | 127.1 (2.7) | 48.4 (9.5) |
| ≥11 | 56 | 16 | 132.9 (2.7) | 49.4 (10.7) |
| Lifetime (born in United States) | 35 | 10 | 95.0 (2.5) | 51.3 (11.3) |
| Maternal age at child delivery, years | ||||
| 18–24 | 145 | 41 | 138.1 (2.8) | 50.9 (10.1) |
| 25–29 | 116 | 33 | 121.0 (2.8) | 48.4 (10.1) |
| 30–34 | 56 | 16 | 138.4 (2.4) | 47.2 (9.3) |
| 35–45 | 34 | 10 | 118.3 (2.7) | 48.6 (11.7) |
| Maternal education at child delivery | ||||
| <7th grade | 160 | 46 | 128.9 (2.9) | 48.1 (10.3) |
| 7th–11th grade | 121 | 34 | 129.0 (2.7) | 50.4 (10.2) |
| Completion of high school | 70 | 20 | 135.8 (2.5) | 49.8 (10.1) |
| Maternal verbal IQf | ||||
| ≤74 | 75 | 21 | 147.9 (3.0) | 46.4 (10.1) |
| 75–99 | 121 | 34 | 149.4 (2.8) | 50.9 (10.6) |
| ≥100 | 151 | 43 | 106.9 (2.5) | 49.2 (9.8) |
| Missing data | 4 | 1 | ||
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy | ||||
| No | 338 | 96 | 131.4 (2.7) | 49.1 (10.2) |
| Yes | 13 | 4 | 104.8 (2.9) | 53.9 (10.1) |
| Duration of breastfeeding, months | ||||
| Never breastfed | 16 | 5 | 118.4 (2.9) | 51.3 (13.8) |
| ≤1 | 46 | 13 | 116.3 (2.8) | 49.1 (9.3) |
| 2–6 | 118 | 34 | 121.7 (2.8) | 48.7 (9.9) |
| 7–12 | 75 | 21 | 145.9 (2.8) | 50.8 (10.8) |
| >12 | 96 | 27 | 139.2 (2.6) | 48.4 (10.0) |
| Mother depressed at age 7- and/or 9-year visit(s) | ||||
| No | 217 | 62 | 128.1 (2.9) | 46.9 (9.2) |
| Yes | 124 | 35 | 126.4 (2.5) | 53.4 (10.6) |
| Missing data | 10 | 3 | ||
| DAP urinary metabolitesc | ||||
| No adjustment for specific gravity | ||||
| ∑DEs | 351 | 20.0 (3.0) | ||
| ∑DMs | 351 | 95.9 (3.1) | ||
| ∑DAPs | 351 | 130.3 (2.7) | ||
| Adjustment for specific gravity | ||||
| ∑DEs | 351 | 26.1 (3.0) | ||
| ∑DMs | 351 | 126.4 (3.2) | ||
| ∑DAPs | 351 | 171.2 (2.9) | ||
| Other chemicals (pregnancy serum concentration)e | ||||
| ∑PBDEsg | 331 | 25.6 (2.5) | ||
| DDT | 333 | 23.3 (5.3) |
Abbreviations: BRIEF, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function; CHAMACOS, Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas; DAP, dialkyl phosphate; DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; DE, diethyl; DM, dimethyl; GEC, Global Executive Composite; GM, geometric mean; GSD, geometric standard deviation; IQ, intelligence quotient; N/A, not applicable; PBDE, polybrominated diphenyl ether; SD, standard deviation.
a Prenatal pesticide exposure was based on measurement of maternal urinary DAP metabolite concentrations.
b The outcome measure was the child’s maternally reported BRIEF GEC score at age 9 years (t score).
c Urinary DAP metabolite concentrations based on the average concentration in 2 pregnancy urine samples.
d Unadjusted for specific gravity.
e Values for serum concentration are presented as ng/g of blood lipid.
f Maternal verbal IQ measured as receptive language using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test.
g Sum of PBDE congeners 47, 99, 100, and 153.