Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics of participants in the study cohort
Characteristic | Females (n = 1331) | Males (n = 2725) | Total (n = 4056) | Missing, n (%) | P-values |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 49.0 ± 11.6 | 50.9 ± 11.9 | 50.3 ± 11.8 | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
Duration of kidney disease, months | 40.8 ± 55.6 | 37.1 ± 51.6 | 38.3 ± 53.0 | 32 (0.8) | 0.039 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.3 (22.1–29.0) | 24.0 (21.5–26.7) | 24.4 (21.6–27.4) | 103 (2.5) | <0.001 |
Waist/hip ratio | 1.06 (1.02–1.21) | 1.05 (1.01–1.08) | 1.05 (1.02–1.09) | 964 (23.8) | <0.001 |
Place of residence | |||||
Rural | 845 (65.2) | 1781 (66.5) | 2626 (66.0) | 80 (2.0) | 0.407 |
Urban | 452 (34.8) | 898 (33.5) | 1350 (34.0) | ||
Education | |||||
Illiterate | 524 (39.6) | 564 (20.8) | 1088 (26.9) | 18 (0.4) | <0.001 |
School level education | 582 (44.0) | 1330 (49.0) | 1912 (47.4) | ||
Went to college | 216 (16.4) | 822 (30.2) | 1038 (25.7) | ||
Occupational exposurea | 629 (47.6) | 1406 (51.8) | 2035 (50.4) | 18 (0.4) | 0.013 |
Sand/dust | 228 (17.3) | 618 (22.8) | 846 (21.0) | ||
Cement | 7 (0.5) | 81 (2.98) | 88 (2.2) | ||
Saw dust | 34 (2.6) | 112 (4.1) | 146 (3.6) | ||
Working barefoot in field | 58 (4.4) | 204 (7.5) | 262 (6.5) | ||
Pesticide spray | 41 (3.1) | 186 (6.9) | 227 (5.6) | ||
Others | 356 (56.6) | 593 (42.2) | 949 (46.6) | ||
Current tobacco user | 87 (6.6) | 660 (24.5) | 747 (18.6) | 43 (1.1) | <0.001 |
Current alcohol user | 1 (0.1) | 300 (11.1) | 301 (7.5) | 43 (1.1) | <0.001 |
Physically active | 479 (36.4) | 1239 (45.9) | 1718 (42.8) | 43 (1.1) | <0.001 |
Non-vegetarian diet | 830 (63.5) | 1771 (66.2) | 2601 (65.3) | 75 (1.9) | 0.090 |
Access to piped water supply | 693 (52.4) | 1282 (47.2) | 1975 (48.9) | 18 (0.4) | 0.003 |
Annual household income (USD) | 1680 (840–4200) | 1680 (1008–4200) | 1680 (1008–4200) | 41 (1.0) | 0.176 |
Annual household medical expenditure (USD) | 269 (84–571) | 302 (84–571) | 286 (84–571) | 0 (0.0) | 0.742 |
Medical insurance | 432 (33.2) | 844 (31.5) | 1276 (32.1) | 77 (1.9) | 0.284 |
Incurred out of pocket medical expenditure | 1115 (84.3) | 2237 (82.4) | 3352 (83.0) | 18 (0.4) | 0.034 |
Missed hospital visit/drugs due to financial constraints | 135 (10.2) | 293 (10.8) | 428 (10.6) | 18 (0.4) | 0.577 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD, median (25–75th percentile) or n (%).
Occupational exposure—has multiple responses.