Skip to main content
. 2021 Aug 13;15(1):60–69. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfab149

Table 1.

Socio-demographic characteristics of participants in the study cohort

Characteristic Females (n = 1331) Males (n = 2725) Total (n = 4056) Missing, n (%) P-values
Age, years 49.0 ± 11.6 50.9 ± 11.9 50.3 ± 11.8 0 (0) <0.001
Duration of kidney disease, months 40.8 ± 55.6 37.1 ± 51.6 38.3 ± 53.0 32 (0.8) 0.039
BMI, kg/m2 25.3 (22.1–29.0) 24.0 (21.5–26.7) 24.4 (21.6–27.4) 103 (2.5) <0.001
Waist/hip ratio 1.06 (1.02–1.21) 1.05 (1.01–1.08) 1.05 (1.02–1.09) 964 (23.8) <0.001
Place of residence
 Rural 845 (65.2) 1781 (66.5) 2626 (66.0) 80 (2.0) 0.407
 Urban 452 (34.8) 898 (33.5) 1350 (34.0)
Education
 Illiterate 524 (39.6) 564 (20.8) 1088 (26.9) 18 (0.4) <0.001
 School level education 582 (44.0) 1330 (49.0) 1912 (47.4)
 Went to college 216 (16.4) 822 (30.2) 1038 (25.7)
Occupational exposurea 629 (47.6) 1406 (51.8) 2035 (50.4) 18 (0.4) 0.013
 Sand/dust 228 (17.3) 618 (22.8) 846 (21.0)
 Cement 7 (0.5) 81 (2.98) 88 (2.2)
 Saw dust 34 (2.6) 112 (4.1) 146 (3.6)
 Working barefoot in field 58 (4.4) 204 (7.5) 262 (6.5)
 Pesticide spray 41 (3.1) 186 (6.9) 227 (5.6)
 Others 356 (56.6) 593 (42.2) 949 (46.6)
Current tobacco user 87 (6.6) 660 (24.5) 747 (18.6) 43 (1.1) <0.001
Current alcohol user 1 (0.1) 300 (11.1) 301 (7.5) 43 (1.1) <0.001
Physically active 479 (36.4) 1239 (45.9) 1718 (42.8) 43 (1.1) <0.001
Non-vegetarian diet 830 (63.5) 1771 (66.2) 2601 (65.3) 75 (1.9) 0.090
Access to piped water supply 693 (52.4) 1282 (47.2) 1975 (48.9) 18 (0.4) 0.003
Annual household income (USD) 1680 (840–4200) 1680 (1008–4200) 1680 (1008–4200) 41 (1.0) 0.176
Annual household medical expenditure (USD) 269 (84–571) 302 (84–571) 286 (84–571) 0 (0.0) 0.742
Medical insurance 432 (33.2) 844 (31.5) 1276 (32.1) 77 (1.9) 0.284
Incurred out of pocket medical expenditure 1115 (84.3) 2237 (82.4) 3352 (83.0) 18 (0.4) 0.034
Missed hospital visit/drugs due to financial constraints 135 (10.2) 293 (10.8) 428 (10.6) 18 (0.4) 0.577

Data are presented as mean ± SD, median (25–75th percentile) or n (%).

a

Occupational exposure—has multiple responses.