Table 2.
Clinical characteristics and diagnosis of CKD in the study cohort
| Parameter | Females (n = 1331) | Males (n = 2725) | Total (n = 4056) | Missing, n (%) | P-values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| Hypertension | 1130 (86.1) | 2357 (87.5) | 3487 (87.0) | 49 (1.2) | 0.240 |
| Diabetes | 473 (36.6) | 1012 (37.9) | 1485 (37.5) | 96 (2.4) | 0.436 |
| CVD | 255 (19.4) | 621 (23.0) | 876 (21.8) | 33 (0.8) | 0.009 |
| Renal stone disease | 139 (10.5) | 335 (12.4) | 474 (11.8) | 27 (0.7) | 0.092 |
| Recurrent UTI | 144 (10.9) | 298 (11.0) | 442 (10.9) | 27 (0.7) | 0.940 |
| Alternative drug use | 284 (21.5) | 639 (23.5) | 923 (22.9) | 16 (0.4) | 0.150 |
| Ayurvedic | 108 (38.0) | 256 (40.0) | 364 (39.5) | — | — |
| Homoeopathic | 51 (18.0) | 158 (24.7) | 209 (22.6) | — | — |
| Siddha | 21 (7.4) | 30 (4.7) | 51 (5.5) | — | — |
| Unani | 8 (2.8) | 5 (0.8) | 13 (1.4) | — | — |
| Others | 96 (33.8) | 190 (29.8) | 286 (31.0) | — | — |
| NSAID use | 251 (19.1) | 375 (13.9) | 626 (15.6) | 43 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| History of AKI | 91 (6.9) | 177 (6.6) | 268 (6.7) | 43 (1.1) | 0.668 |
| Required dialysis for AKI | 88 (6.7) | 143 (5.3) | 231 (5.8) | 43 (1.1) | 0.076 |
| Underwent renal biopsy | 228 (17.3) | 458 (17.0) | 686 (17.1) | 43 (1.1) | 0.774 |
| Family history | |||||
| Hypertension | 525 (43.0) | 1088 (43.1) | 1613 (43.1) | 309 (7.6) | 0.141 |
| Diabetes | 475 (39.4) | 915 (36.4) | 1390 (37.4) | 337 (8.3) | 0.200 |
| Kidney disease | 127 (9.6) | 231 (8.5) | 358 (8.9) | 30 (0.7) | 0.502 |
| Kidney stones | 22 (17.3) | 41 (17.7) | 63 (17.6) | – | – |
| Dialysis | 35 (27.6) | 71 (30.7) | 106 (29.6) | – | – |
| Kidney transplant | 5 (3.9) | 13 (5.6) | 18 (5.0) | – | – |
| Cause of CKD | |||||
| DKD | 333 (25.0) | 678 (24.9) | 1011 (24.9) | 0 (0) | – |
| CIN | 319 (24.0) | 621 (22.8) | 940 (23.2) | – | |
| Unknown | 243 (18.3) | 545 (20.0) | 788 (19.5) | ||
| CGN | 216 (16.2) | 382 (14.0) | 598 (14.7) | 0.224 | |
| Hypertensive nephrosclerosis | 94 (7.1) | 226 (8.3) | 320 (7.9) | – | |
| PKD | 49 (3.6) | 90 (3.3) | 139 (3.4) | – | |
| Others | 77 (5.8) | 183 (6.7) | 260 (6.4) | – | |
Data are presented as n (%).
NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.