Table 5.

Physical, biochemical characteristics and diagnosis between rural and urban subgroups within the study cohort (n = 4056)

Characteristic	Rural (n = 2626)	Urban (n = 1350)	P-value
SBP, mmHg	130 (120–143)	130 (120–145)	0.092
DBP, mmHg	80 (78–90)	80 (78–90)	0.981
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2	40.0 (33.6–49.7)	42.0 (34.4–52.7)	<0.001
Hb, g/dL	11.6 (10.4–13.0)	12.1 (10.8–13.5)	<0.001
Anaemia	1712 (67.8)	771 (58.8)	<0.001
Mild	858 (34.0)	422 (32.2)
Moderate	814 (32.2)	332 (25.3)
Severe	40 (1.6)	17 (1.3)
Serum urea, mg/dL	46.0 (35.3–56.0)	43.0 (33.1–53.8)	<0.001
Serum creatinine, mg/dL	1.8 (1.5–2.0)	1.7 (1.4–2)	<0.001
Serum calcium, mg/dL	9.0 (8.5–9.4)	9.0 (8.5–9.5)	0.982
Serum inorganic phosphorus, mg/dL	4.0 (3.3–4.5)	3.9 (3.3–4.5)	0.978
Serum albumin, g/dL	4.0 (3.5–4.4)	4.0 (3.6–4.4)	0.203
Serum uric acid, mg/dL	6.5 (5.3–7.6)	6.2 (5.1–7.5)	0.024
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	171 (137–202)	156 (128–194)	<0.001
Triglycerides, mg/dL	138 (110–176)	137 (107–178)	0.717
HbA1c, %	5.7 (5.1–6.9)	5.6 (5.0–6.6)	0.092
HbsAg-positive status	190 (7.3)	53 (3.9)	<0.001
Anti HCV-positive status	195 (7.4)	57 (4.2)	<0.001
uACR, mg/g	25.5 (10.7–304.3)	41.0 (11.7–304.3)	0.003
<30	1255 (69.0)	613 (64.9)	–
30–299	563 (30.97)	332 (35.1)	–
300–1000	364 (15.0)	206 (16.2)	–
>1000	251 (10.3)	123 (9.6)	–
Cause of CKD			<0.001
DKD	620 (23.6)	370 (27.4)	–
CIN	630 (24.0)	283 (21.0)	–
Unknown	570 (21.7)	209 (15.5)	–
CGN	362 (13.8)	220 (16.3)	–
Hypertensive nephrosclerosis	196 (7.5)	123 (9.1)	–
PKD	92 (3.5)	45 (3.3)	–
Others	156 (5.9)	100 (7.4)	–

Data presented as mean ± SD, n (%) and median (25–75th percentile).

SBP, systolic BP; DBP, diastolic BP; HbA1c, glycosylated Hb; HbsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HCV, hepatitis C virus.