Table 1.
Characteristics of articles included in the scoping review
| Characteristic | N | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Year of publication | ||
| 2007 to 2014 | 20 | 30 |
| 2015 to 2020 | 47 | 70 |
| Country of origin | ||
| Brazil | 1 | 1.5 |
| Canada | 10 | 15.0 |
| China | 3 | 4.5 |
| Denmark | 1 | 1.5 |
| Germany | 1 | 1.5 |
| Hong Kong | 1 | 1.5 |
| Ireland | 2 | 3.0 |
| Italy | 2 | 3.0 |
| Japan | 4 | 6.0 |
| Korea | 1 | 1.5 |
| Netherlands | 2 | 3 |
| Singapore | 1 | 1.5 |
| Spain | 1 | 1.5 |
| Turkey | 1 | 1.5 |
| UK | 15 | 22.4 |
| USA | 21 | 31.3 |
| Study design | ||
| Non-experimental | 50 | 74.6 |
| Non-randomized controlled | 2 | 3.0 |
| Randomized crossover | 2 | 3.0 |
| Randomized controlled trial | 8 | 11.9 |
| Review | 5 | 7.5 |
| Specialty/learner group | ||
| Anesthesiology | 1 | 1.5 |
| Cardiology & pulmonology | 1 | 1.5 |
| Gastroenterology | 3 | 4.5 |
| Internal medicine | 7 | 10.4 |
| Medical students | 7 | 10.4 |
| Health sciences learners | 4 | 6.0 |
| Pediatrics | 1 | 1.5 |
| Psychiatry | 1 | 1.5 |
| Radiation oncology | 1 | 1.5 |
| Surgery | 41 | 61.2 |
| Skill of interest | ||
| Clinical reasoning | 15 | 22.0 |
| Cognitive/emotional control | 1 | 1.5 |
| Crisis event management | 1 | 1.5 |
| Clinical knowledge | 4 | 6.0 |
| Fatigue | 2 | 3.0 |
| Psychomotor skills | 38 | 57.0 |
| Well-being, stress, burnout | 2 | 3.0 |
| Visuospatial development | 4 | 6.0 |
| Neuroimaging modality | ||
| EEG | 18 | 26.8 |
| fMRI | 22 | 32.8 |
| fNIRS/OT | 20 | 29.9 |
| Review – NA | 5 | 7.5 |
| Other* | 2 | 3.0 |
EEG, electroencephalogram; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging; fNIRS, functional near-infrared spectroscopy; NA, not applicable; OT, optical topography.