Table 3.

Characteristics of neuroimaging modalities

Modality	How it works	Best applications	Advantages [86]	Disadvantages [86]
fMRI	Captures hemodynamic response/regional activated neuroanatomy	Clinical reasoning Declarative knowledge	High spatial resolution (3–4 mm) Can assess deep brain regions	Cost Not usable in clinical environment possible false positive rate longer temporal resolution 3–6 sec)
fNIRS	Captures hemodynamic response through optical intensity/regional brain blood flow	Psychomotor skills	Intermediate temporal resolution (3–6 sec) portable	Limited to superficial brain regions Lower spatial resolution (10–20 mm)
EEG	Electrical activity of the brain showing wavelength and areas of activation Event-related potentials	Psychomotor skills	High temporal resolution (1–100 ms) Portable Lowest cost	Lower spatial resolution (10–20 mm)

Abbreviations: EEG, electroencephalogram; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging; fNIRS, functional near-infrared spectroscopy.