| Authors | Year | Country | Primary Author Institution | Design | Neuroimaging Modality | Specialty | Skill |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aggarwal et al. | 2008 | UK | Department of Biosurgery & Surgical Technology, Imperial College London | Review | N/A | surgery | REVIEW psychomotor skill |
| Akimoto et al. | 2015 | Japan | Center for Advanced Medical Initiatives, Kyushu University | Non-experimental | Other * | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Aksoy et al. | 2019 | Turkey | Department of Biomedical Device Technology, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University | Non-experimental | fNIRS | healthcare professionals | psychomotor skill |
| Anderson et al. | 2019 | Canada | Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary | RCT | EEG | health sciences students | declarative clinical knowledge |
| Andreu-Perez et al. | 2016 | UK | The Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College London | Non-experimental | fNIRS/OT | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Bahrami et al. | 2014 | Canada | Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto | Non-experimental | fMRI | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Bahrami et al. | 2011 | Canada | Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, and Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto | Non-experimental | fMRI | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Bernier et al. | 2016 | Canada | Sherbrooke University Hospital Center (CHUS) | Non-experimental | fMRI | medical students | declarative clinical knowledge |
| Bhatt et al. | 2016 | Ireland | Department of Surgery, University of Dublin, Trinity College, at the Adelaide and Meath Hospital | Review | N/A | surgery | REVIEW effects of aging on surgeons |
| Bocci et al. | 2013 | Italy | Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurology, Pisa University Medical School | Non-experimental | EEG | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Brod et al. | 2016 | Germany | The Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development | Non-experimental | fMRI | medical students | declarative clinical knowledge |
| Chang et al. | 2016 | South Korea | Department of Medical Humanities, Korea University College of Medicine | Non-experimental | fMRI | medical students | clinical reasoning |
| Ciechanski et al. | 2019 | Canada | Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta | RCT | EEG | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Crewther et al. | 2016 | UK | The Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College London | Non-experimental | fNIRS | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| De Andrade et al. | 2016 | Brazil | Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatric, University of Sao Paulo | Non-experimental | fMRI | pediatrics | well-being |
| Downar et al. | 2011 | USA | Human Neuroimaging Laboratory, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute and Department of Physics, Virginia Tech | Non-experimental | fMRI | non-surgical physicians | clinical reasoning |
| Durning et al. | 2013 | USA | Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences | Non-experimental | fMRI | internal medicine | clinical reasoning |
| Durning et al. | 2014 | USA | Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences | Non-experimental | fMRI | internal medicine | clinical reasoning |
| Durning et al. | 2015 | USA | Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences | Non-experimental | fMRI | internal medicine | clinical reasoning |
| Durning et al. | 2016 | USA | Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences | Non-experimental | fMRI | internal medicine | clinical reasoning |
| Durning et al. | 2013 | USA | Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences | Non-experimental | fMRI | internal medicine | clinical reasoning |
| Durning et al. | 2012 | USA | Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences | Non-experimental | fMRI | internal medicine | clinical reasoning |
| Durning et al. | 2015 | USA | Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences | Non-experimental | fMRI | internal medicine | clinical reasoning |
| Duty et al. | 2012 | USA | Institute for Urology and Center of Neurosciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research North Shore–Long Island Jewish Health System | Non-experimental | PET | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Garbens et al. | 2019 | Canada | Department of Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto | Non-experimental | fMRI | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Guru et al. | 2015 | USA | Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Brain Computer Interface Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo | Non-experimental | EEG | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Guru et al. | 2015 | USA | Department of Urology, Applied Technology Laboratory for Advanced Surgery (ATLAS) Program at Roswell Park Cancer Institute | Non-experimental | EEG | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Hruska et al. | 2015 | Canada | Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary | Non-experimental | fMRI | gastroenterology | diagnostic thinking |
| Hruska et al. | 2015 | Canada | Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary | Non-experimental | fMRI | gastroenterology | diagnostic thinking |
| Hussein et al. | 2016 | USA | Applied Technology Laboratory for Advanced Surgery (ATLAS) Program, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo | Non-experimental | EEG | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| James et al. | 2011 | UK | Department of Surgery and Cancer & Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College | Non-experimental | fNIRS | gastroenterology | visuospatial skill |
| Kahol et al. | 2011 | USA | Human Machine Symbiosis Laboratory, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University | Non-experimental | EEG | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Karabanov et al. | 2019 | Denmark | Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital | RCT | fMRI | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Khoe et al. | 2020 | Singapore | Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore | RCT | fNIRS | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Leff et al. | 2008 | UK | Royal Wolfson Image Computing Laboratory and Department of Biosurgery and Surgical Technology, Imperial College London | Non-experimental | fNIRS | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Leff et al. | 2015 | UK | Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College London | Randomized crossover | fNIRS/OT | surgery | visuospatial skill |
| Leff et al. | 2008 | UK | Royal Wolfson Image Computing Laboratory and Department of Biosurgery and Surgical Technology, Imperial College London | Review | N/A | surgery | REVIEW psychomotor skill |
| Leff et al. | 2008 | UK | Royal Wolfson Image Computing Laboratory and Department of Biosurgery and Surgical Technology, Imperial College London | Non-experimental | fNIRS | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Leff et al. | 2010 | UK | Royal Wolfson Image Computing Laboratory and Department of Biosurgery and Surgical Technology, Imperial College London | Non-experimental | fNIRS | surgery | fatigue |
| Leff et al. | 2017 | UK | Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Department of Biosurgery and Surgical Technology, Imperial College London | Non-experimental | fNIRS/OT | surgery | clinical reasoning |
| Li et al. | 2020 | China | Spinal Division of Orthopedic and Traumatology Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University | Non-experimental | EEG | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Maddox et al. | 2015 | USA | Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine | Non-experimental | EEG | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Mazur et al. | 2017 | USA | Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina | Non-experimental | EEG | radiation oncology | clinical reasoning |
| Mazur et al. | 2016 | USA | Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina | Non-experimental | EEG | medical trainees | psychomotor skill |
| Miura et al. | 2015 | Japan | Department of Modern Mechanical Engineering, Waseda University | Non-experimental | fNIRS | surgery | visuospatial skill |
| Modi et al. | 2019 | UK | Department of Surgery and Cancer & Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College London | Non-experimental | fNIRS | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Modi et al. | 2018 | UK | Department of Surgery and Cancer & Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College London | Non-experimental | fNIRS | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Modi et al. | 2017 | UK | Department of Surgery and Cancer & Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College London | Review | N/A | surgery | REVIEW psychomotor skill |
| Modi et al. | 2017 | UK | Department of Surgery and Cancer & Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College London | Review | N/A | surgery | REVIEW psychomotor skill |
| Morales et al. | 2019 | Spain | Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada | Non-experimental | EEG | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Morris et al. | 2015 | Ireland | Education Division and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity College | Non-experimental | fMRI | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Ndaro et al. | 2018 | China | Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology | Non-experimental | EEG | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Nemani et al. | 2018 | USA | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute | RCT | fNIRS | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Nishida et al. | 2017 | Japan | Department of Psychiatry, Jichi Medical University & Faculty of Sports Science, Waseda University | Randomized crossover | fNIRS | psychiatry | fatigue |
| Ohuchida et al. | 2009 | Japan | Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University | Non-experimental | fNIRS | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Pelizzo et al. | 2020 | Italy | Department of Pediatric Surgery, ‘Vittore Buzzi’ Children’s Hospital, University of Milano | RCT | fMRI | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Rotgans et al. | 2019 | Netherlands | Institute of Medical Education Research Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam | Non-experimental | fNIRS | medical students – | clinical reasoning |
| Rourke et al. | 2016 | Canada | Department of Medicine, University of Alberta | Non-randomized controlled |
EEG | cardiology and pulmonology | clinical reasoning |
| Shafiei et al. | 2018 | USA | Department of Urology, Applied Technology Laboratory for Advanced Surgery (ATLAS) Program at Roswell Park Cancer Institute | Non-experimental | EEG | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Shetty et al. | 2016 | UK | Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College London | Non-experimental | fNIRS | surgery | psychomotor skill development |
| Shewokis et al. | 2017 | USA | Nutrition Sciences Department, College of Nursing and Health Professions, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University | RCT | fNIRS | surgery | psychomotor skill |
| Turk et al. | 2018 | USA | VA Boston Healthcare System & Boston University School of Medicine |
Non-experimental | EEG | medical students | declarative clinical knowledge |
| Veroude et al. | 2013 | Netherlands | Department of Educational Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Education VU University Amsterdam | Non-experimental | fMRI | medical students | cognitive/emotional control |
| Wanzel et al. | 2007 | Canada | Department of Surgery, University of Toronto | Non-experimental | fMRI | surgery | visuospatial skill |
| Xu et al. | 2018 | China | Department of Military Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China. | RCT | EEG | medical students | well-being |
| Xu et al. | 2019 | USA | Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Vanderbilt University Medical Center | Non-experimental | fNIRS | anesthesiology | crisis event management team skills |
| Zhu et al. | 2011 | Hong Kong | Institute of Human Performance, The University of Hong Kong | Non-randomized controlled |
EEG | surgery | psychomotor skill |
EEG, electroencephalogram; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging; fNIRS, functional near-infrared spectroscopy; NA, not applicable; OT, optical topography; RCT, randomized controlled trial.
* Other: Brain electric activity monitoring system designed by the researchers