TABLE 1. Characteristics of matched pediatric groups with and without evidence of COVID-19 or acute respiratory infection and number of new diabetes diagnoses, by age, sex, and preceding COVID-19 or acute respiratory infection diagnosis — IQVIA PharMetrics Plus and HealthVerity claims databases, United States, March 1, 2020–June 28, 2021*.
| Database/Characteristic | No. (%) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pediatric overall | COVID-19 | Non–COVID-19 | ARI | Non-ARI | |
|
IQVIA
| |||||
|
Total no. of patients
|
1,698,753 |
80,893 |
404,465 |
404,465 |
808,930 |
|
Age, mean (SD), yrs
|
12.3 (4.3) |
12.3 (4.3) |
12.3 (4.3) |
12.3 (4.3) |
12.3 (4.3) |
|
Age group, yrs
| |||||
| 0–4 |
124,530 (7.3) |
5,930 (7.3) |
29,650 (7.3) |
29,650 (7.3) |
59,300 (7.3) |
| 5–11 |
483,273 (28.4) |
23,013 (28.4) |
115,065 (28.4) |
115,065 (28.4) |
230,130 (28.4) |
| 12–15 |
592,830 (34.9) |
28,230 (34.9) |
141,150 (34.9) |
141,150 (34.9) |
282,300 (34.9) |
| 16–17 |
498,120 (29.3) |
23,720 (29.3) |
118,600 (29.3) |
118,600 (29.3) |
237,200 (29.3) |
|
Female sex
|
850,857 (50.1) |
40,517 (50.1) |
202,585 (50.1) |
202,585 (50.1) |
405,170 (50.1) |
|
Hospitalized at index encounter
|
6,473 (0.4) |
566 (0.7) |
614 (0.2) |
1,602 (0.4) |
3,691 (0.5) |
|
New diabetes diagnosis†
| |||||
|
Overall
|
937 (0.06)
|
68 (0.08)
|
132 (0.03)
|
227 (0.06)
|
510 (0.06)
|
| DM type (% of all newly diagnosed diabetes)§ | |||||
| Type 1 or Type 2 |
891 (95.1) |
64 (94.1) |
124 (93.9) |
210 (92.5) |
493 (96.7) |
| Due to underlying condition/Other |
31 (3.3) |
3 (4.4) |
6 (4.5) |
8 (3.5) |
14 (2.7) |
| Drug or chemical induced |
15 (1.6) |
1 (1.5) |
2 (1.5) |
9 (4.0) |
3 (0.6) |
| DKA (% of all newly diagnosed diabetes)¶ |
241 (25.7) |
33 (48.5) |
18 (13.6) |
50 (22.0) |
140 (27.5) |
|
HealthVerity
| |||||
|
Total no. of patients
|
878,878 |
439,439 |
439,439 |
—** |
— |
|
Age, mean (SD), yrs
|
12.7 (3.8) |
12.7 (3.8) |
12.7 (3.8) |
— |
— |
| Age group, yrs | |||||
| 0–4 |
28,532 (3.2) |
14,266 (3.2) |
14,266 (3.2) |
— |
— |
| 5–11 |
321,496 (36.6) |
160,748 (36.6) |
160,748 (36.6) |
— |
— |
| 12–15 |
319,458 (36.3) |
159,729 (36.3) |
159,729 (36.3) |
— |
— |
| 16–17 |
209,392 (23.8) |
104,696 (23.8) |
104,696 (23.8) |
— |
— |
|
Female sex
|
440,024 (50.1) |
220,012 (50.1) |
220,012 (50.1) |
— |
— |
|
Hospitalized at index encounter
|
13,118 (3.0) |
7,510 (0.9) |
5,608 (1.3) |
— |
— |
|
New diabetes diagnosis
| |||||
|
Overall
|
1,973 (0.22)
|
1,120 (0.25)
|
853 (0.19)
|
—
|
—
|
| DM type (% of all newly diagnosed diabetes) | |||||
| Type 1 or type 2 |
1,871 (94.8) |
1,053 (94.0) |
818 (95.9) |
— |
— |
| Due to underlying condition/Other |
67 (3.4) |
42 (3.8) |
25 (2.9) |
— |
— |
| Drug or chemical induced |
35 (1.8) |
25 (2.2) |
10 (1.2) |
— |
— |
| DKA (% of all newly diagnosed diabetes) | 703 (35.6) | 450 (40.2) | 253 (29.7) | — | — |
Abbreviations: ARI = acute respiratory infection; DKA = diabetic ketoacidosis; DM = diabetes mellitus; ICD-10-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification.
* Groups in IQVIA included patients aged <18 years with or without COVID-19 (COVID-19; non–COVID-19, respectively) and patients aged <18 years with or without ARI (ARI; non-ARI, respectively), during March 1, 2020–February 26, 2021, determined using presence or absence of ICD-10-CM codes for COVID-19 and ARI. The non–COVID-19 group was matched 5:1 to the COVID-19 group by age, sex, and month of encounter. The ARI group was matched 5:1 to the COVID-19 group by age and sex, and a random encounter date was selected. The non-ARI group was matched 2:1 to the ARI group by age and sex, and a random encounter date was selected. In HealthVerity, among patients aged <18 years, those with COVID-19 (COVID), determined by ICD-10-CM code or by a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result during March 1, 2020–June 28, 2021, were matched 1:1 to those with a negative SARS-CoV-2 test result (non–COVID-19) during the same period.
† New diabetes diagnosis could occur >30 days after the index encounter and included ICD-10-CM codes E08 (diabetes due to underlying condition), E09 (drug or chemical induced diabetes), E10 (type 1 diabetes), E11 (type 2 diabetes), and E13 (other specified diabetes).
§ The denominator was patients aged <18 years who received a new diabetes diagnosis. Diabetes ICD-10-CM codes at the new diabetes encounter were grouped into any type 1 or type 2 code (E10, E11), diabetes due to underlying condition (E08) or other specified diabetes (E13) codes, or drug induced diabetes (E09).
¶ The denominator was patients aged <18 years with a new diabetes diagnosis. DKA was defined as E08.1, E09.1, E10.1, E11.1, and E13.1 coded any time before and including the index encounter.
** Dashes indicate no prepandemic data available for ARI and non-ARI in the HealthVerity database.