Table 1.
The baseline characteristics of participants (n = 114).
| Total (n = 114) | App used <30 days (n = 72) | App used ≥30 days (n = 42) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (P25–P75), years | 20 (16–36) | 19 (15–30) | 27 (17–42) | 0.012 |
| Adults | 71 (62%) | 42 (58%) | 29 (69%) | 0.255 |
| Female | 71 (62%) | 43 (60%) | 28 (67%) | 0.461 |
| BMI, median (P25–P75), kg/m2 | 23 (21–26) | 23 (21–26) | 23 (21–27) | 0.463 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never smoker | 92 (81%) | 58 (81%) | 34 (81%) | 0.607 |
| Ex-smoker | 16 (14%) | 9 (13%) | 7 (17%) | – |
| Current smoker | 6 (5%) | 5 (7%) | 1 (2%) | – |
| FEV1 % predicted, mean (SD)a | 95 (22) | 95 (86–109) | 89 (78–104) | 0.091 |
| Inhaled medication | ||||
| ICS/LABA | 95 (83%) | 61 (85%) | 34 (81%) | 0.602 |
| SABA | 29 (25%) | 19 (26%) | 10 (24%) | 0.815 |
| ICS | 17 (15%) | 10 (14%) | 7 (17%) | 0.688 |
| LAMA | 12 (11%) | 4 (6%) | 8 (19%) | 0.024 |
| Single inhaler | 71 (62%) | 47 (65%) | 24 (57%) | 0.418 |
| Self-reported inhaler adherence VAS, median (P25–P75), mm | 84 (65–95) | 80 (60–90) | 86 (79–98) | 0.094 |
| MMAS-4b | ||||
| High adherence | 5 (4%) | 3 (4%) | 2 (5%) | 0.845 |
| Medium adherence | 66 (58%) | 38 (53%) | 28 (67%) | – |
| Low adherence | 33 (29%) | 21 (29%) | 12 (29%) | – |
| Oral medication–anti-leukotrienes | 56 (49%) | 31 (43%) | 25 (60%) | 0.090 |
| Allergen immunotherapy | 17 (15%) | 14 (19%) | 3 (7%) | 0.078 |
| Biologic therapy | 10 (9%) | 4 (6%) | 6 (14%) | 0.124 |
| Medication for other health conditions | 35 (34%) | 16 (26%) | 19 (45%) | 0.040 |
| GINA assessment of symptom controlc | ||||
| Well-controlled | 63 (55%) | 42 (58%) | 21 (50%) | 0.344 |
| Partly controlled/uncontrolled | 50 (44%) | 29 (40%) | 21 (50%) | – |
| CARAT | ||||
| Total score, median (P25–P75) | 21 (16–24) | 20 (16–24) | 22 (17–24) | 0.962 |
| Controlled disease (>24) | 26 (23%) | 17 (24%) | 9 (21%) | 0.789 |
| ≥1 exacerbation past year | 53 (47%) | 36 (50%) | 17 (41%) | 0.475 |
| ≥1 unscheduled medical visit past year | 28 (25%) | 19 (26%) | 9 (21%) | 0.177 |
| EQ-5D VAS, median (P25–P75) | 85 (75–90) | 85 (75–90) | 84 (70–93) | 0.652 |
| Previous use of health and fitness apps | 55 (48%) | 34 (47%) | 21 (50%) | 0.734 |
| Previous use of asthma apps | 1 (1%) | 0 | 1 (2%) | 0.186 |
Values are shown as n (%) unless otherwise indicated. BMI, body mass index; CARAT, Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test; EQ-5D, EuroQol five-dimensional; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting beta-agonists; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonists; P25–P75, percentile 25 to percentile 75; SABA, short-acting beta-agonists; SAMA, short-acting muscarinic-antagonists; VAS, visual analog scale.
a
18 missing values;
b
10 missing values;
c
1 missing value.