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. 2021 Jan 25;1:603160. doi: 10.3389/froh.2020.603160

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Copyright © 2021 Usman, Jamal, Teh and Waseem.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Factors responsible for therapeutic resistance in oral cancer patients. This review focusses on the complex multiple factors including genetic alterations, dysregulated signaling pathways, EMT/micro RNA and hyperactive DNA damage repair systems. Other factors such as microenvironment (hypoxia), drug metabolism/pharmacokinetics, and immune cells/angiogenesis are also critical in conferring therapeutic resistance in oral cancer, but they have been excluded from this review to maintain the focus.