Figure 4.

(i) Fibroblasts on the PPy/PLLA membranes at 2 and 24 h with or without ES. Note the comparable cell distribution and high cell density on the ES membranes (A). (B) Shows a significantly higher cell viability on the membranes with ES (100 mV/mm). (ii) Fibroblasts on the gold-coated tissue culture Petri dish for 96 h with or without ES at various surface current densities, showing that a wide range of DC current density had no effect on cell morphology (A) and viability (B). Reproduced with permission from Shi et al. (103).