Table 2.
Summary of studies describing conducting polymer biomaterial application for tissue engineering.
| Tissue type | Material | Structure | Conductivity/resistance | Biocharacterisation | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural tissue | PEDOT-PSS | Spin coated film | 5.8 Ωm−1 | ReNcellVM cells | (88) |
| PEDOT doped with Ulvan, DS, CS, ALG or DBSA | Electrochemical polymerised film | – | PC12 cells | (36) | |
| PPy-CS-Collagen | Electrochemical polymerised film | – | PC12 cells | (89) | |
| PPy doped with pts, DBSA, CS, PSS, hyaluronic acid and poly(2- methoxyaniline-5-sulfonic acid) – with NT-3 drug co-dopant | Electrochemical polymerised film | – | SNG | (64) | |
| PPy-PSS-NGF | Electrochemical polymerised film | 9.3 ± 2 S cm−1 | PC12 cells | (90) | |
| Poly(glycerol sebacate)—aniline pentamer polymer | Drop casting on micropatterned polyurethane | 8.2–8.5 × 10−5 S/cm | Schwann cells, PC12 Cells | (91) | |
| PPy modified PLGA | Electrospun PLGA modified via chemically polymerised PPy | – | PC12 and hippocampal cells | (75) | |
| PPy coated PLCL/SF | Electrospun PLCL/SF modified via chemically polymerised PPy | 1.36 × 10−4 to 8.52 × 10−6 S/cm | PC12 and Schwann cells | (77) | |
| PANI/PCL/Gelatin | Electrospun mat | 0.02 × 10−6 S | Nerve stem cells | (56) | |
| PANI/PLL | Electrospun mat | 3 × 10−9 S | Nerve stem cells | (55) | |
| PPy-pts modified PLCL/SF | Electrospun nerve conduit | – | In-vivo implantation | (92) | |
| PEDOT/chitosan/gelatin | Hydrogel | 3.44 × 10−2 to 1.72 × 10−1 S cm−1 | PC12 | (58) | |
| PEDOT-CMC | Hydrogel | 4.68 ± 0.28 × 10−3 S cm−1 | PC12 | (85) | |
| Aniline – Genepin hydrogel (loaded with dexamethasone) | Hydrogel | 3–7 × 10−4 S/cm | PC12 | (93) | |
| PPy-cellulose aerogel | Aerogel | 1 × 10−5 to 0.08 S cm−1 | PC12 | (81) | |
| PPy-Collagen | Micron-fibres | – | hMSC | (94) | |
| PEDOT/agarose | Conduit | – | In-vivo implantation | (95) | |
| Cardiac tissue | PANI | Drop cast Film (Conductive and non-conductive form) | 2 kΩ resistivity | H9c2 | (96) |
| PANI-phytic acid | Film on chitosan | 35.85 ± 9.40 kilohms per square | Ex-vivo heart model | (97) | |
| PPy-PCL | Composite film | 1.00 ± 0.40 kohms cm | HL-1 atrial myocytes | (98) | |
| PPy/PCL/Gelatin | Electrospun mat | 0.013–0.37 mS/cm | Primary cardiac myocytes | (71) | |
| PANI-PLGA | Electrospun mat | 3.1 × 10−3 S/cm | Neonatal cardiomyocytes | (99) | |
| PANI-PLA | Electrospun mat | 3.6 ± 0.7 × 10−6 S/m to 2.1 ± 0.3 × 10−5 S/m | H9c2 | (100) | |
| PPy-chitosan | Hydrogel | – | Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, in-vivo study | (86) | |
| Chitosan-graft-aniline tetramer and dibenzaldehyde-terminated PEG | Hydrogel | ~23 × 10−5 S/cm | C2C12 and H9c2 cells, in-vivo study | (43) | |
| Skin tissue | PPy-pts | Electrochemical polymerised film | 4.9 × 10−1 to 1.5 × 10−3 S/cm | Schwann cells and fibroblasts | (101) |
| Poly(terthiophene) – RGD | Electrochemical polymerised film | 1.22 ± 0.15 S cm−1 | Human dermal fibroblasts | (102) | |
| PPy modified PET fa bric | Chemical polymerisation on fabric | – | Human dermal fibroblasts | (66) | |
| PPy/PLA | Composite film | 10−3 S/cm | Human cutaneous fibroblasts | (103) | |
| PPy/Heparin/PLLA | Composite film | Resistivity 102–103 ohms per square | Human dermal fibrolasts | (104) | |
| PANI/CPSA/PLCL | Electrospun mat | 0.0015–0.0138 S.cm−1 | Human dermal fibroblasts and NIH-3T3 fibroblasts | (105) | |
| PANI-chitosan | Electrospun mat | ~2.6 × 10−5 S/m | Fibroblast cells | (73) | |
| Skeletal muscle tissue | PPy doped with pts, HA, DS, CS, PMAS and DBS | Electrochemical polymerised film | – | Rosa primary myoblasts | (27) |
| MWCNT-PPy-pts | Electrochemical polymerised film | – | Rosa primary myoblasts | (106) | |
| Amino capped aniline trimer/PCL | Co-polymer film | – | C2C12 cells | (107) | |
| PPy/polyurethane | Composite film | 9.95 × 10−11 ± 8.03 × 10−11 to 2.32 × 10−6 ± 2.97 × 10−7 S/cm | C2C12 cells | (69) | |
| Aniline trimer/polyurethane-urea co-polymer | Composite film | 10−6 S/cm | C2C12 | (108) | |
| PANI/PLCL | Electrospun mat | 0.160–0.296 S/cm | C2C12 | (109) | |
| PANI/PCL | Electrospun mat | 63.6 ± 6.6 mS cm−1 | C2C12 | (110) | |
| Bone tissue engineering | PANI modified Ti nanotubes | Electrochemical polymerised film | Charge transfer resistance of 172.26 Ohms | MC3T3-E1 cells | (111) |
| PANI interdigitated electrodes | Film – interdigitated electrodes | 5 × 10−2 s/cm | BMSC and MC3T3-E1 cells | (112) | |
| Aniline trimer/PLA | Composite film | – | C2C12 | (113) | |
| PPy/He/PLLA | Composite membrane | – | Osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells | (114) | |
| PANI/PLA | Electrospun scaffold | 0.004–0.032 S/cm | Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells | (115) | |
| PPy/SiO2/gelatine/hydroxyapatite | Porous scaffold | – | K7M2WT osteoblast cells | (116) | |
| PEDOT/PCL | Scaffold | – | MSC | (70) |