Table 3.
Summary of studies describing graphene and graphene oxide biomaterial application for tissue engineering.
| Tissue type | Material | Structure | Conductivity/resistance | Biocharacterisation | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural tissue | CVD grown graphene on polyethylene terephthalate | Flat film | – | SHSY5Y cells | (45) |
| CVD graphene | Flat film on glass | – | hNSC | (46) | |
| CVD graphene | Flat film on PMMA | – | hMSC | (61) | |
| CVD graphene on porous nickel template | Porous scaffold (foam) and 2D films | – | NSC | (44) | |
| Fluorinated graphene sheets | Graphene sheets on PDMS with microchannels | – | MSC | (117) | |
| rGO-chitosan composite | rGO-chitosan film | – | hMSC | (118) | |
| GO-SiO2 NP | Film | – | NSC | (62) | |
| rGO-collagen | 3D acellular dermal matrix – rGO composite | – | MSC | (119) | |
| rGO | Porous rGO scaffold | ~10−3 S cm−1 | In-vivo implantation | (120, 121) | |
| Graphene-PVA:alginate | Electrospun mat | Impedance ~25 Ω | PC12 | (47) | |
| rGO modified PVC | rGO modified PVC electrospun mat | 12.5 ± 1.2 S cm −1 | Primary motor neurons | (48) | |
| rGO | Micron fibre | 4.64 ± 0.90 S cm−1 | Embryonic neural progenitor cells, in-vivo implantation | (50) | |
| GO/PCL composite | Tubular scaffold | 4.55 × 10−4 S/cm−1 | Schwann cells, in-vivo implantation | (122) | |
| Graphene/PLG composite | Extrusion printed scaffold | ~800 S m | hMSC, in-vivo implantation | (123) | |
| Cardiac tissue | rGO modified silk/fibroin | rGO modification of electrospun mat | Resistance 4.3 MΩ | Rat cardiomyocytes | (124) |
| Graphene/PCL | Electrospun mat | – | Mouse embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes | (125) | |
| rGO - silver/polyurethane | Electrospun mat | ~105 μS/cm | Human cardiac progenitor cells | (126) | |
| rGO coating on collagen | Porous scaffold | 9.1 ± 0.9 × 10−6 to 1.2 ± 0.4 × 10−4 S/m | HUVEC | (127) | |
| GO-GelMA | Hydrogel | – | H9c2 cardiomyocytes, in-vivo implantation | (128) | |
| rGO/GelMA | Hydrogel | Impedance ~ 4 kΩ | Rat cardiomyocytes | (82) | |
| Bone tissue | Graphene or GO on PDMS | Film | – | MSC | (129) |
| rGO modified titanium | Film | – | MC3T3-E1, in-vivo implantation | (130) | |
| nGO/starch composite | Electrospun mat | – | MG63 | (131) | |
| GO/PLA/nHydroxyapatite | Electrospun mat | – | Saos-2 | (132) | |
| GO-hydroxyapatite composite | Porous scaffold | – | Rat bone mesenchymal stem cells, in-vivo implantation | (133) | |
| GO-chitosan composite | Porous scaffold | – | MC3T3-E1 | (134) | |
| GO/strontium NPs/PCL | Porous scaffold | – | MC3T3-E1 | (135) | |
| Skeletal muscle tissue | Thermally reduced GO and GO | Film | – | C2C12 | (136) |
| Graphene | Film (crumpled) | – | C2C12 | (137) | |
| GO/PCL | Electrospun mat | – | hMSC | (138) | |
| rGO-polyacrylamide | Hydrogel | 1.4 ± 0.4 × 10−4 S/cm | C2C12 | (139) | |
| rGO/polydopamine | Aerogel | 13.289 S m−1 | C2C12 | (140) | |
| Skin tissue | Reduced claisen graphene (rcG) – peptide modified | Film | – | NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, RAW macrophages | (141) |
| GO/PLGA or GO/PLGA/collagen | Electrospun mat | – | HDF | (142) | |
| CVD graphene on Ni | Foam | – | MSC, in-vivo implantation | (143) | |
| GO modified genipin crosslinked ECM | Sponge | – | L929, in-vivo implantation | (144) | |
| Cartilage tissue | Graphene or porous graphene oxide/cell biocomposite | Cell – material composite | – | MSC | (145) |
| GO/chitosan | Porous scaffold | – | Human articular chondrocytes | (146) | |
| GO/methacrylated chondroitin sulphate/poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether-ϵ-caprolactone-acryloyl chloride) | Porous scaffold | ~0.73 S/m | 3T3, in-vivo implantation | (147) | |
| GO/collagen/chitosan | Printed hydrogel scaffold | – | Chondrocytes, in-vivo implantation | (148) | |
| GO/GelMA/ PEGDA | Printed hydrogel scaffold | – | MSC | (52) |