Table 2.
Electrical stimulation (ES) studies on different cell lines applied to conductive polymeric materials.
| Polymer | Cell | Stimulus Apparatus | ES | Scaffold |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CPSA-PANI/PLCL (90) | NIH-3T3 fibroblasts | The fibres were placed at the bottom of the cell plate among two electrodes of stainless steel | 0-200 mA for 2 days | Fibres |
| HEC/PANI (91) | L929 cells (fibroblasts) | The cryogel was set at the bottom of a Teflon chamber with a glass window, and there weregraphite electrodes in two parallel sides of the chamber for the electric stimuli | 2.5 mV/cm and 2 mA for 24 h | Cryogel |
| PANI (79) | Human osteosarcoma (HOS) | A polystyrene ring was set over the interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) to make a well for the cell culture, the ends of the IDEs remained outside of the well and were connected to wires using a silver glue | 1 kHz, 0-1600 mV | Films on interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) |
| PANI (92) | Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) | PANI films were placed at the centre of the tissue culture plates and at the opposite ends of the plate two stainless steel electrodes | 1 mV/cm−2 V/cm for 2 min per day | Film |
| PANI/Coll/sHya (93) | Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) | The material was placed at the bottom of the cell plate, the cell media used in the cell culture chamber was cycled by a silicone tube exposed to the electric stimuli | 7 ms rectangular pulses, 3.6 mV/cm, 10 Hz | Artificial Extracellular Matrix (aECM) |
| PANI/PLGA (80) | Cardiomyocyte | The nanofibre mesh was set at the bottom of a glass well, and two silver wires are attached at the walls to promote the electric stimuli | 1.25 Hz, 5 V/cm | Fibres |
| PANI-PCL (94) | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) | The fibre film was set between two electrodes for electric stimuli | 200, 300 and 400 mV/cm in 30 min per day for 4 days | Film |
| PANI-Pt (95) | Rat retinas | The PANI-coated Pt electrode acted as the anode, and a gold electrode acted as the cathode | 100-μA, 0.8-ms pulse width and 1-s repeat interval stimulating a biphasic rectangular current pulse | Neural probe |
| PCL/PPy and PCL-PP/HEP (73) | Haemocompatibility | The mesh was set at the bottom of the well, and two platinum wires were attached to opposite ends of the mesh using a holder to prevent the wires from remaining in contact with the cell media | 10 μA, 100 Hz AC for 2 h | Fibres |
| PCL-PPy-PSS (96) | Human mesenchymal stem cells | The fibres were set over a glass plate attached with cooper tape at the opposite ends for electric stimuli, and polycarbonate was placed over the fibres for the cell culture | 10 mV mm−1 for 8 h | Fibres |
| PEDOT:PSS (97) | Neural stem cells (NSC) | An adhesive silicone ring was placed over the material, two gold parallel strips were deposited at the edges of the ring and platinum wires were connected to those strips for electric stimuli | 100-Hz pulsed DC electrical stimulation, 1 V with 10-ms pulses over 12 h per day | Films |
| PEDOT:PSS (98) | Neurons | A grade of adhesive silicon was used to attach the MEA device and build the cell culture well | 30 pulses at a frequency of 1 Hz | Macroporous |
| PEDOT:PSS or IrOx or (Ir-Ti)Ox or Au (99) | Spinal X. laevis neurons | The material was set at the bottom of a modified chamber with a glass cover, making a channel for the cells and the cell media; at the opposite ends of the material were two wells with cell media connected by agar bridges to two baths of Steinberg's solution and Ag/AgCl electrodes for the electric stimuli | 50, 100, or 150 mV/mm for 3 h | Films |
| PEDOT:PSS with LCGO AND PU (PUHC) (100) | Neural stem cells | The hydrogel was set at the bottom of the well where the cell culture chamber had a bottom of gold mylar, and the mylar was connected to platinum wires for the electric stimuli | The stimulation paradigm was ±0.25 mA cm−2 using a biphasic waveform of 100-μs pulses with a 20-μs interphase at 250 Hz over 8 h per day for 3 days | Hydrogel |
| PLLA/PANI (101) | Neural stem cells (NSCs) | A platinum electrode was attached on one side and a silver electrode on the other at the end of the fibres | 1.5 V (100 mV/mm) for 1 h | Fibres |
| PLLA/PPy/HE (65) | Osteoblast (Saos-2) | The membrane was placed in the well, and the edges were connected to a source of electrical stimulus | 200 mV/mm | Membrane |
| PPy (64) | Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) | PPy acted as the anode, and lengthways to the well, a gold wire acted as the cathode; the system also contained a silver wire as a quasi-reference electrode | 20 V/m for 1 h | Film over ITO |
| PPy (102) | Schwann cell | The material film fixed with PMDS was places in a hole at the centre of a Petri dish, and cooper tape was used for the electric contact with the film for the electric stimuli | 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 V for 2 h | Film over ITO |
| PPy/pTS/NT3 (103) | Spinal ganglion neurons | The film was placed at the bottom of the cell plate, and gold electrodes were placed at the walls of the wells | Charged-balanced biphasic current pulses at 250 Hz were applied for 1 h. The waveform had a ±1 mA current amplitude, 100-ms pulse width, 20-μs open-circuit interphase gap and 3.78-ms short-circuit phase between pulses | Film over gold |
| PPy-HA and PPy-CS (104) | Adipose stem cells (hASCs) | A gold electrode covered with the PPy film was placed at the bottom of the well, and gold electrodes were submerged in the cell media for the electric stimuli | Biphasic electric current (BEC)of ± 0.2 V amplitude, 2.5-ms pulse width and 100-Hz pulse repetition frequency | Film |
| PPy-PLA and PPy-PCL (73) | Dorsal root ganglia | Silver electrodes were connected to the opposite edges of the fibres for the electric stimuli | 10 V | Fibres |
| PPy-PLGA (77) | Retinal ganglion cells | The nanofibres were set in a Petri dish, and the opposite ends of the fibres were connected to platinum wires | −0.1 to −1 V/cm over 1 h per day for 3 days | Fibres |
| PVV-PANI (82) | Neural stem cells (NSCs) | The hydrogel sheet was deposited on an ITO electrode, and two electrodes were used for the electric stimuli in the cell culture homemade chamber | Biphasic electrical field with 200 Hz, amplitude of the biphasic pulse fixed at 75 mV | Hydrogel |
| SPAN (105) | Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) and pre-osteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) | A polystyrene ring was set over the interdigitated electrodes (IDEs), making a well for the cell culture, and the ends of the IDEs remainedoutside of the well and were connected to wires using a silver glue | 1 kHz, 500 mV | Films on interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) |
| VPP:PEDOT (PET/PEDOT:pTS (84) | SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma | Two fibre electrodes were layered at the bottom of the cell plate with a gap between them. The fibre electrodes were in contact with a silver tape for the electric stimuli | −3.0 V | Fibres |