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. 2022 Jan 13;59(3):1850–1861. doi: 10.1007/s12035-021-02696-0

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2022

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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Fig. 1. — A Diagrammatic representation of how SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can stimulate different cell types and collectively contribute to the pathogenesis of long-COVID. B Diagrammatic representation of how SARS-CoV-2 can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) through endothelial cell gaps or how free spike protein can damage the integrity of the BBB and enter the brain.