Table 1:

Comparison of Debonding Techniques

Technique	Functional Group of Interest	Examples of Technique	References	Requires O2 Plasma Pre-Treatment?	Chemical Treatment?	Biocompatible?	Known Number of Consecutive Castings	Advantages	Weaknesses
Silanization	Silicon chemicals acting as a coupling agent or to lower surface energy	TFOCS/PFOS, TMCS, OTS, FDTS	22,28–30; 5,18,21, & 24; 25–27; 25–27, 31	Yes	Yes	Not universally; ideally should not affect replica	Not seen in the literature	Well characterized chemistries; Spontaneous self-assembly for monolayer coating; Flexibility of functionality	May be hazardous (lack biocompatibility if there is carryover) and requires prior plasma treatment
Fluorination	Fluorine Groups to lower surface energy	CF4, C4F8, FDTS, Surface Roughness Treatments with SF 6 or CF4	36;37–40;25–27, 31;47–48	Yes	Yes	Not universally; ideally should not affect replica	Not seen in the literature	Well characterized chemistries; Spontaneous self-assembly for monolayer coating; Flexibility of functionality	May be hazardous (lack biocompatibility if there is carryover) and requires prior plasma treatment
Polymer Treatments	Inert polymer coating to prevent adhesion	Polydopamine, Parylene C, PEG	17,23,61;18;43–45	No	Yes	Yes, all of these are biocompatible	30 castings for polydopamine (23)	Directly biocompatible; No pre-treatment (plasma) Do Not Require Constant Recoating to Maintain Anti-stiction	Limited formulations tested
Miscellaneous Treatments	Non-chemical treatments that add in a separation layer or affect the physical interface between the two PDMS layers	Alcohol Treatments, HPMC, low or high temperature treatments	19;14,16;46,47;	No	No	Yes, all of these are biocompatible	Not seen in the literature	All Lack Chemical Treatments-Only Requiring Heat/Cold/Alcohols as Techniques Do Not Coat PDMS, They Are Biocompatible and Do Not Change Resolution of Printing	Many Can Revert Hydrophobicity May Alter Stiffness of the PDMS Limited Options for Non-Chemical Treatments