Table 2.
Maternal characteristics of respondents
| Maternal characteristics | N (%) | Mean ± SDa |
|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 316(100.0) | 29 ± 4.3 |
| Ethnicity (N = 313) | ||
| Malay | 251 (80.2) | |
| Chinese | 32 (10.2) | |
| Indian | 19 (6.1) | |
| Others | 11 (3.5) | |
| Occupation (N = 311) | ||
| Public | 60 (19.3) | |
| Private | 157 (50.5) | |
| Self-employed | 17 (5.4) | |
| Housewife/Unemployed | 77 (24.8) | |
| Marital status (N = 310) | ||
| Married | 294 (94.8) | |
| Unmarried | 16 (5.2) | |
| Education level (N = 316) | ||
| No tertiary educationb | 100 (31.6) | |
| With tertiary educationc | 216 (68.4) | |
| Husband’s occupation (N = 308) | ||
| Public | 68 (22.1) | |
| Private | 190 (61.7) | |
| Self-employed | 47 (15.2) | |
| Unemployed | 3 (1.0) | |
| Household income (N = 285) | ||
| Low income (B40) | 167 (58.6) | |
| Middle income (M40) and higher | 118 (41.4) | |
| BMId at booking (kg/m2) | 256(81.0) | 24.7 ± 4.7 |
| History of miscarriage (N = 314) | ||
| Yes | 17 (5.4) | |
| No | 297 (94.6) | |
| Medical problem in previous pregnancy (N = 316) | ||
| Yes | 23 (7.3) | |
| No | 293 (92.7) | |
| Grand multigravida (N = 316) | ||
| Yes | 11 (3.5) | |
| No | 305 (96.5) | |
| Primigravida (N = 316) | ||
| Yes | 129 (40.8) | |
| No | 187 (59.2) | |
| Caloric intake per day (kcal) | 191(60.4) | 1297 ± 350 |
a SD standard deviation
b formal education of 12 years or less
c formal education of more than 12 years
d BMI body mass index