. 2022 Jan 14;14(3):498–513. doi: 10.1007/s12310-021-09491-1

Table 2.

Depression and oppositional defiant disorder vignettes

Depression: moderate (male)	Oppositional defiant disorder: moderate (female)
David is a student in your class. He is always kind with other people and follows instructions during class. In the last few months, David has been increasingly moody, and you have noticed that he often puts his head down on his desk. He also seems to have lost interest in many of his friends and classwork, including participating in class activities that he used to enjoy. Every day David says that he feels very tired, but when you ask, he also says he is sleeping more than normal at night. In addition, the last few months, David seems to have trouble concentrating in class	Anna is a student in your class. She has a longstanding group of friends, of which she is the leader. Anna has above-average intelligence, is very articulate, and has maintained good grades in school without working hard. Over the past six months, Anna has started to lose her temper a lot. She often appears angry, and she frequently blames others for her mistakes. Lately Anna's friends have begun to stay away from her because she is overly sensitive, becomes annoyed easily, and at times she seems to try to annoy her friends on purpose. You have noticed that Anna argues with you more than other students her age

Depression: moderate (male)

Oppositional defiant disorder: moderate (female)

David is a student in your class. He is always kind with other people and follows instructions during class. In the last few months, David has been increasingly moody, and you have noticed that he often puts his head down on his desk. He also seems to have lost interest in many of his friends and classwork, including participating in class activities that he used to enjoy. Every day David says that he feels very tired, but when you ask, he also says he is sleeping more than normal at night. In addition, the last few months, David seems to have trouble concentrating in class

Anna is a student in your class. She has a longstanding group of friends, of which she is the leader. Anna has above-average intelligence, is very articulate, and has maintained good grades in school without working hard. Over the past six months, Anna has started to lose her temper a lot. She often appears angry, and she frequently blames others for her mistakes. Lately Anna's friends have begun to stay away from her because she is overly sensitive, becomes annoyed easily, and at times she seems to try to annoy her friends on purpose. You have noticed that Anna argues with you more than other students her age

Depression: severe (female)	Oppositional defiant disorder: moderate (male)
Anna is a student in your class. She is always kind with other people and follows instructions during class. In the last few months, Anna has been increasingly moody, putting her head down on her desk. Anna also seems to have lost interest in many of her friends and classwork, including participating in activities that she used to enjoy. Every day Anna says that she feels very tired, however, when you ask, she also says that she is sleeping more than normal at night. As a result, on some occasions she has missed school and lately seems increasingly sad and hopeless. In the last few months, Anna seems to have trouble concentrating on what she is doing during independent work in your class. Recently, you heard Anna saying to her friends: “I can’t do anything right. I’m totally worthless!”	David is a student in your class. He has a longstanding group of friends, of which he is the leader. David is very articulate, and has maintained good grades in school without working hard. In the last few months, David has increasingly argued with his friends and put them down. He often appears angry, and he frequently blames others for his mistakes. David’s friends have begun to stay away from him because he has been overly sensitive, becomes annoyed easily, and at times he seems to try to annoy his friends on purpose. David defies his teachers, and he refuses to comply with adults’ requests and rules. He argues loudly with his teachers, more than other students in his classes. Recently, his teachers have often had to place David in detention

Depression: severe (female)

Oppositional defiant disorder: moderate (male)

Anna is a student in your class. She is always kind with other people and follows instructions during class. In the last few months, Anna has been increasingly moody, putting her head down on her desk. Anna also seems to have lost interest in many of her friends and classwork, including participating in activities that she used to enjoy. Every day Anna says that she feels very tired, however, when you ask, she also says that she is sleeping more than normal at night. As a result, on some occasions she has missed school and lately seems increasingly sad and hopeless. In the last few months, Anna seems to have trouble concentrating on what she is doing during independent work in your class. Recently, you heard Anna saying to her friends: “I can’t do anything right. I’m totally worthless!”

David is a student in your class. He has a longstanding group of friends, of which he is the leader. David is very articulate, and has maintained good grades in school without working hard. In the last few months, David has increasingly argued with his friends and put them down. He often appears angry, and he frequently blames others for his mistakes. David’s friends have begun to stay away from him because he has been overly sensitive, becomes annoyed easily, and at times he seems to try to annoy his friends on purpose. David defies his teachers, and he refuses to comply with adults’ requests and rules. He argues loudly with his teachers, more than other students in his classes. Recently, his teachers have often had to place David in detention

Names were systematically varied to indicate student gender