. 2022 Jan 14;34(5):1113–1121. doi: 10.1007/s40520-021-02033-4

Table 4.

Changes in the short physical performance battery score and grip strength in obese older women (n = 29) undergoing a smartphone mirroring-based telepresence exercise program or group exercises

	Group	Pre-test	Post-test		P value
SPPB (score)	IG CG	8.25 ± 2.26 4.88 ± 2.61	8.91 ± 1.78 5.47 ± 2.87	Time Group Time × group	0.244 0.000 0.941
Right grip (kg)	IG CG	17.37 ± 3.23 13.91 ± 4.07	27.62 ± 27.46 16.47 ± 3.06^**	Time Group Time × group	0.075 0.039 0.276
Left grip (kg)	IG CG	15.79 ± 4.31 13.50 ± 4.30	18.08 ± 2.42^** 15.11 ± 2.93	Time Group Time × group	0.002 0.042 0.563

Group

Pre-test

Post-test

P value

SPPB (score)

8.25 ± 2.26

4.88 ± 2.61

8.91 ± 1.78

5.47 ± 2.87

Time

Group

Time × group

0.244

0.000

0.941

Right grip (kg)

17.37 ± 3.23

13.91 ± 4.07

27.62 ± 27.46

16.47 ± 3.06^**

Time

Group

Time × group

0.075

0.039

0.276

Left grip (kg)

15.79 ± 4.31

13.50 ± 4.30

18.08 ± 2.42^**

15.11 ± 2.93

Time

Group

Time × group

0.002

0.042

0.563

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. P values represent a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance

SPPB Short Physical Performance Battery, IG intervention group, CG control group

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01