Fig. 1.

Penetration–Aspiration Scale (PAS) scores on Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study (VFSS); Penetration–Aspiration Scale: 1 = material does not enter airway; 2 = material enters airway above vocal cords & is ejected; 3 = material enters airway above vocal cords & is not ejected; 4 = material enters airway, contacts vocal cords & is ejected; 5 = material enters airway, contacts vocal cords & is not ejected; 6 = material enters airway, passes below vocal cords & is ejected; 7 = material enters airway, passes below vocal & is not ejected despite effort; 8 = material enters airway, passes below vocal cords with no effort made to eject.³⁹