TABLE 1.
Prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure at home, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, 2015.
| Characteristics | All participants (smokers and non-smokers) | Non-smokers | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unweighted count (N) | Weighted %a | Unadjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted prevalence ratio b (95% CI) | p-Value | Unweighted count (N) | Weighted %a | Unadjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted prevalence ratio b (95% CI) | p-Value | |
| Total (N = 6,602) | 5,837 | 88.3 | 3,601 | 83.9 | ||||||||
| Age group (years) | ||||||||||||
| 15–24 | 1,033 | 88.1 | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) | 0.624 | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 0.206 | 873 | 86.7 | 1.12 (1.04–1.21) | 0.002 | 1.12 (1.10–1.45) | 0.0007 |
| 25–44 | 2,485 | 87.7 | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | 0.772 | 1.00 (0.95–1.07) | 0.765 | 1,600 | 83.4 | 1.08 (0.99–1.17) | 0.057 | 1.21 (1.07–1.38) | 0.002 |
| 45–64 | 1896 | 89.4 | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 0.298 | 1.04 (0.98–1.09) | 0.123 | 958 | 83.5 | 1.08 (1.00–1.17) | 0.045 | 1.21 (1.08–1.37) | 0.001 |
| ≥65 | 423 | 87.1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 170 | 77.1 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| P-trend | 0.246 | 0.109 | 0.002 | 0.033 | ||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Men | 2,850 | 88.8 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 925 | 77.0 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Women | 2,987 | 87.7 | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | 0.095 | 0.97 (0.93–1.00) | 0.100 | 2,676 | 86.6 | 1.12 (1.09–1.16) | <0.01 | 1.19 (1.13–1.26) | <0.001 |
| Residence c | ||||||||||||
| Urban | 1,563 | 84.5 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1,058 | 80.7 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Rural | 4,274 | 89.7 | 1.06 (1.03–1.09) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) | 0.033 | 2,543 | 85.2 | 1.05 (1.01–1.10) | 0.014 | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 0.165 |
| Ethnicity d | ||||||||||||
| Lao | 3,482 | 89.0 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 2,255 | 85.6 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Others | 2,355 | 87.2 | 0.97 (0.95–1.00) | 0.102 | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.151 | 1,346 | 81.1 | 0.94 (0.91–0.98) | 0.003 | 0.97 (0.92, 1.03) | 0.457 |
| Religion | ||||||||||||
| Buddhist | 4,317 | 89.1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 2,793 | 85.7 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Others | 1,364 | 84.8 | 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | 0.001 | 0.95 (0.91–1.00) | 0.562 | 728 | 76.4 | 0.89 (0.85–0.93) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.74–0.93) | 0.002 |
| None e | 155 | 100.0 | - | - | - | - | 79 | 100.0 | - | - | - | - |
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Currently married | 4,614 | 88.8 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 4,614 | 88.8 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Others f | 1,221 | 86.4 | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | 0.035 | 0.91 (0.86–0.96) | 0.001 | 1,221 | 86.3 | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.743 | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 0.005 |
| Educational level | ||||||||||||
| Never attended school | 1,036 | 89.9 | 1.29 (1.13–1.49) | <0.001 | 1.28 (0.95–1.72) | 0.099 | 1,036 | 89.8 | 1.34 (1.11–1.61) | 0.002 | 1.72 (0.98–3.02 | 0.058 |
| Primary school | 2,422 | 88.9 | 1.28 (1.11–1.48) | <0.001 | 1.24 (0.94–1.65) | 0.124 | 2,421 | 88.9 | 1.32 (1.09–1.60) | 0.003 | 1.63 (0.95–2.78)< | 0.070 |
| Secondary school | 1976 | 87.9 | 1.27 (1.10–1.46) | <0.001 | 1.25 (0.94–1.66) | 0.116 | 1975 | 87.9 | 1.33 (1.10–1.61) | 0.002 | 1.74 (1.01–3.01) | 0.044 |
| High school or higher | 87 | 69.1 | - | 1 | - | 87 | 69.9 | 1 | - | 1 | - | |
| P-trend | <0.005 | 0.349 | 0.025 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Average income per household member per day in US dollars | ||||||||||||
| <1.9 | 1,396 | 89.0 | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 0.004 | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 0.024 | 1,363 | 88.9 | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) | 0.079 | 1.09 (1.02–1.15) | 0.003 |
| ≥1.9 | 911 | 85.0 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 819 | 85.1 | 1 | - | ||
Represents the weighted percentage.
Model adjusted for age, sex, residence, ethnicity, religion, marital status, and educational level.
“Rural” category for “Residence” including with and without roads.
“Others” category for “Ethnicity” including PhouThai, Khermou, Khamu, Khmu, Leu, Mong, etc.
“None” category for Religion was removed during the analysis due to 100% second-hand smoke exposure in this category.
“Others” category for “Marital status” including single or never married, divorced or widowed or separated.
Second-hand smoke exposure at home was considered present if the participant’s responses to the question about having seen someone smoke inside the home was either “daily,” “weekly” or “monthly,” and was considered absent if the participant’s response was “less than monthly” or “no.” N represents the unweighted count (sample size).