TABLE 2.
Prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure inside the workplace, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, 2015.
| Characteristics | All participants (smokers and non-smokers) | Non-smokers | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unweighted count (N) | Weighted % a | Unadjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted prevalence ratio b (95% CI) | p-Value | Unweighted count (N) | Weighted % a | Unadjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted prevalence ratio b (95% CI) | p-Value | |
| Total (N = 1,139) | 714 | 63.0 | 396 | 54.0 | ||||||||
| Age group (years) | ||||||||||||
| 15–24 | 115 | 55.0 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 99 | 51.7 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| 25–44 | 360 | 61.5 | 1.16 (1.01–1.34) | 0.033 | 0.98 (0.88–1.08) | 0.746 | 214 | 53.2 | 1.03 (0.86–1.23) | 0.746 | 0.96 (0.81–1.13) | 0.645 |
| ≥45 | 239 | 70.7 | 1.33 (1.15–1.53) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.90–1.12) | 0.864 | 83 | 59.5 | 1.15 (0.99–1.33) | 0.067 | 0.93 (0.81–1.05) | 0.270 |
| P-trend | <0.001 | 0.805 | 0.072 | 0.650 | ||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Men | 441 | 65.5 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 159 | 50.6 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Women | 273 | 59.5 | 0.90 (0.82–0.99) | 0.048 | 0.90 (0.83–0.97) | 0.014 | 237 | 56.7 | 1.11 (0.97–1.28) | 0.101 | 0.97 (0.84–1.11) | 0.678 |
| Residence c | ||||||||||||
| Urban | 259 | 53.6 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 160 | 46.3 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Rural | 455 | 69.8 | 1.30 (1.13–1.49) | 0.002 | 1.12 (0.97–1.29) | 0.117 | 236 | 60.5 | 1.30 (1.07–1.58) | 0.006 | 1.14 (0.93–1.41) | 0.184 |
| Ethnicity d | ||||||||||||
| Lao | 548 | 63.7 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 316 | 54.8 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Others | 166 | 60.5 | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) | 0.378 | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) | 0.235 | 80 | 50.8 | 0.92 (0.78–1.09) | 0.368 | 0.87 (0.72–1.06) | 0.182 |
| Religion | ||||||||||||
| Buddhist | 616 | 62.3 | 1 | - | 350 | 53.5 | 1 | - | ||||
| Others | 42 | 53.6 | 1.10 (0.97–1.25) | 0.118 | 25 | 49.2 | 1.10 (0.88–1.39) | 0.385 | ||||
| None e | 56 | 89.2 | - | - | 21 | 78.3 | - | - | ||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Currently married | 547 | 65.8 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 263 | 55.7 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Others f | 165 | 55.4 | 0.84 (0.73–0.96) | 0.011 | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | 0.332 | 132 | 49.2 | 0.91 (0.77–1.07) | 0.260 | 0.96 (0.86–1.08) | 0.583 |
| Educational level g | ||||||||||||
| Primary school or lower | 293 | 79.6 | 1.38 (1.26–1.51) | <0.001 | 1.20 (1.09–1.32) | <0.002 | 137 | 71.5 | 1.38 (1.23–1.55) | <0.001 | 1.21 (1.05–1.40) | 0.007 |
| Secondary school or higher | 318 | 57.4 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 206 | 51.5 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| P-trend | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.012 | ||||||||
| Average income per household member per day in US dollars | ||||||||||||
| <1.9 | 111 | 75.9 | 1.17 (1.02–1.34) | 0.019 | 27 | 54.7 | 1.04 (0.77–1.40) | 0.770 | ||||
| ≥1.9 | 146 | 64.5 | 1 | - | 25 | 52.3 | 1 | - | ||||
| Occupation | ||||||||||||
| Unemployed & Non-farm self-employed | 23 | 69.7 | 1.15 (0.87–1.53) | 0.308 | 1.30 (1.15–1.48) | <0.001 | 8 | 59.3 | 1.24 (0.76–2.02) | 0.376 | 0.89 (0.68–1.16) | 0.412 |
| Government sector | 81 | 60.2 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 33 | 47.6 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Non-government sector | 39 | 69.3 | 1.15 (0.90–1.45) | 0.241 | 0.97 (0.80–1.17) | 0.768 | 14 | 53.1 | 1.11 (0.72–1.72) | 0.624 | 1.07 (0.86–1.34) | 0.502 |
| Agriculture | 110 | 79.7 | 1.32 (1.12–1.55) | <0.007 | 1.14 (0.98–1.33) | 0.075 | 28 | 63.2 | 1.32 (0.92–1.90) | 0.126 | 1.31 (1.08–1.59) | 0.005 |
Represents the weighted percentage.
Model adjusted for age, sex, residence, ethnicity, marital status, and educational level.
“Rural” category for “Residence” including with and without roads.
“Others” category for “Ethnicity” including PhouThai, Khermou, Khamu, Khmu, Leu, Mong, etc.
“None” category for Religion was removed during the analysis due to 100% second-hand smoke exposure in this category.
“Others” category for “Marital status” including single or never married, divorced or widowed or separated.
“Primary school or earlier” category for “Educational level” contains those who never attended the school and those going to primary school. “Secondary school or higher” category contains those going to secondary school, high school or higher.
Second-hand smoke exposure at workplaces was considered present if the participant’s response when asked about seeing someone smoke inside the building where they work during the past 30 days was “yes” and was considered absent if the participant’s response was “no”. CI, confidence interval. N represents the unweighted count (sample size)