Table 1.
The outcomes stratified by days of exposure to Ramadan
| N = 345 | No exposure to the whole of Ramadan (n = 48) |
1–10 days of pregnancy exposed to Ramadan (n = 17) | 11–20 days of pregnancy exposed to Ramadan (n = 23) |
21–30 days of pregnancy exposed to Ramadan (n = 257) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal demographics | ||||||
| Ethnicity (%): | Arab | 35.4 | 23.5 | 34.8 | 43.2 | 0.6 |
| Indian | 52.1 | 52.9 | 39.1 | 40.5 | ||
| Asian | 10.4 | 11.8 | 13 | 8.9 | ||
| Other | 2.1 | 11.8 | 13 | 7.4 | ||
| Maternal age (years) | 30.8 ± 4.5 | 31.4 ± 4.2 | 32.2 ± 5.2 | 31.2 ± 5.3 | 0.8 | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 ± 4.3 | 27.1 ± 6.9 | 24.3 ± 4.3 | 26.5 ± 5.7 | 0.2 | |
| Family history of DM (%) | 67.4 | 58.8 | 47.8 | 61.7 | 0.5 | |
| Gestational age at diagnosis of GDM (weeks) | 24.6 ± 7.9 | 25.1 ± 7.1 | 25.5 ± 6.6 | 25.5 ± 6.4 |
0.9 Ttrend p = 0.4 |
|
| GDM diagnosis and intervention | ||||||
| OGTT results: | 0 min | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 5.0 ± 0.7 | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 5.0 ± 0.9 | 0.4 |
| 60 min | 9.9 ± 1.5 | 10.1 ± 1.7 | 11.0 ± 2.0 | 10.3 ± 1.7 | 0.1 | |
| 120 min | 8.4 ± 1.6 | 9.2 ± 2.0 | 9.1 ± 2.0 | 8.6 ± 1.7 | 0.3 | |
| AUC | 992 ± 118 | 1032 ± 167 | 1062 ± 206 | 1017 ± 158 | 0.4 | |
| Insulin treatment (%) | 60.4 | 50 | 60.9 | 56.8 | 0.7 | |
| Gestation insulin commenced (weeks) | 28.0 ± 6.6 | 23.1 ± 10.9 | 28.5 ± 6.2 | 28.6 ± 6.7 | 0.2 | |
| Maximum insulin dose (units) | 34 [18–54] | 40 [18–66] | 24 [6–61] | 34 [16–63] | 0.6 | |
| Pregnancy outcomes | ||||||
| Gestation at confinement (weeks) | 38.2 ± 2.9 | 38.6 ± 1.1 | 39.2 ± 1.3 | 38.5 ± 1.8 | 0.2 | |
| Weight gain during pregnancy (kg) | 12.2 ± 6.3 | 12.7 ± 5.6 | 12.0 ± 5.0 | 13.0 ± 5.2 | 0.8 | |
| Pre-term delivery (< 37 weeks) (%) | 8.3 | 6.3 | 0 | 10.7 | Ztrend p = 0.2 | |
| Caesarean section (%) | 29.8 | 46.7 | 34.8 | 35.4 | 0.7 | |
| Gestational HTN (%) | 14.6 | 23.5 | 0 | 15.2 | p = 0.6 | |
| Birthweight (grams) | 3140 ± 619 | 3244 ± 293 | 3263 ± 696 | 3250 ± 569 | p = 0.7 | |
| Macrosomia (%) | 4.3 | 0 | 8.7 | 9.1 | Ztrend p = 0.2 | |
| LGA (%) | 6.4 | 0 | 4.3 | 9.6 | Ztrend p = 0.2 | |
| SGA (%) | 12.8 | 0 | 13.0 | 5.6 | Ztrend p = 0.1 | |
| Stillbirth (%) | 2.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | N/A | |
| Neonatal death (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | N/A | |
| Neonatal hypoglycaemia (%) | 22.7 | 26.7 | 0** | 10.4¶ | Ztrend p = 0.05 | |
| Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (%) | 6.8 | 7.1 | 13.0 | 22.8** | Ztrend p = 0.004 | |
| Maternal post-partum glycaemic status | ||||||
| Post-delivery GTT (%) | No diabetes | 90.9 | 80 | 75 | 78.6 | N/A |
| IGT | 4.5 | 20 | 16.7 | 17.9 | ||
| Diabetes | 4.5 | 0 | 8.3 | 3.6 | ||
Data are %; mean ± SD; or median [IQR]
**p ≤ 0.01 for comparison with No exposure group as comparator
¶p < 0.05 for comparison with No exposure group as comparator