Table 2.
Relationship between Ramadan exposure in GDM and neonatal outcomes
| Ramadan exposure measure | Neonatal hypoglycaemia | Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | ||
| Days exposure analysis | Model 1* | Model 1* | |||||
| Never exposed | Ref | Ref | |||||
| 1–10 days | 1.2 | 0.3–4.7 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.1–11.0 | 0.9 | |
| 11–20 days | 0.1 | 0–100 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 0.4–11.1 | 0.4 | |
| 21–30 days | 0.4 | 0.2–0.9 | 0.03 | 4.0 | 1.2–13.5 | 0.02 | |
| Model 2# | Model 2§ | ||||||
| Never exposed | Ref | Ref | |||||
| 1–10 days | 1.4 | 0.3–5.2 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.09–10.9 | 1.0 | |
| 11–20 days | 0.1 | 0.–100 | 0.9 | 2.4 | 0.4–13.3 | 0.3 | |
| 21–30 days | 0.4 | 0.2–0.9 | 0.02 | 3.9 | 1.1–13.1 | 0.03 | |
| Model 3** | |||||||
| Never exposed | Ref | ||||||
| 1–10 days | 1.4 | 0.3–5.2 | 0.6 | ||||
| 11–20 days | 0.1 | 0.–100 | 0.9 | ||||
| 21–30 days | 0.4 | 0.2–0.8 | 0.02 | ||||
|
Hours exposure analysis (fasting period /day) |
Model 1* | Model 1* | |||||
| Never exposed | Ref | Ref | |||||
| > 12–13 h | 0.4 | 0.09–1.5 | 0.2 | 4.8 | 1.1–19.7 | 0.03 | |
| > 13–14 h | 0.4 | 0.2–1.2 | 0.1 | 7.0 | 2.0–24.6 | 0.003 | |
| > 14–15 h | 0.7 | 0.2–1.9 | 0.4 | 2.7 | 0.6–11.0 | 0.2 | |
| > 15–16 h | 0.3 | 0.09–0.8 | 0.02 | 2.2 | 0.6–8.5 | 0.2 | |
| Model 2# | Model 2§ | ||||||
| Never exposed | Ref | Ref | |||||
| > 12–13 h | 0.3 | 0.08–1.3 | 0.1 | 3.9 | 0.9–16.5 | 0.06 | |
| > 13–14 h | 0.4 | 0.2–1.1 | 0.09 | 6.8 | 1.9–24.3 | 0.003 | |
| > 14–15 h | 0.7 | 0.2–1.9 | 0.4 | 2.7 | 0.6–11.4 | 0.2 | |
| > 15–16 h | 0.2 | 0.08–0.7 | 0.01 | 2.2 | 0.6–8.3 | 0.3 | |
| Model 3** | |||||||
| Never exposed | Ref | ||||||
| > 12–13 h | 0.3 | 0.08–1.3 | 0.1 | ||||
| > 13–14 h | 0.4 | 0.2–1.1 | 0.09 | ||||
| > 14–15 h | 0.6 | 0.2–1.9 | 0.4 | ||||
| > 15–16 h | 0.2 | 0.08–0.7 | 0.01 | ||||
| Trimester exposure analysis | Model 1* | Model 1* | |||||
| Never exposed | Ref | Ref | |||||
| 1st Trimester | 0.4 | 0.1–1.3 | 0.1 | 2.7 | 0.7–10.6 | 0.2 | |
| 2nd trimester | 0.3 | 0.1–0.9 | 0.04 | 4.1 | 1.1–15.1 | 0.03 | |
| 3rd trimester | 0.3 | 0.1–1.1 | 0.06 | 4.6 | 1.2–17.0 | 0.02 | |
| Model 2# | Model 2¶ | ||||||
| Never exposed | Ref | Ref | |||||
| 1st trimester | 0.4 | 0.1–1.1 | 0.07 | 2.2 | 0.5–9.2 | 0.3 | |
| 2nd trimester | 0.3 | 0.1–0.9 | 0.03 | 4.2 | 1.1–15.8 | 0.03 | |
| 3rd trimester | 0.3 | 0.09–1.03 | 0.06 | 4.3 | 1.1–16.6 | 0.04 | |
| Model 3** | |||||||
| Never exposed | Ref | ||||||
| 1st trimester | 0.4 | 0.1–1.1 | 0.07 | ||||
| 2nd trimester | 0.3 | 0.1–0.9 | 0.03 | ||||
| 3rd trimester | 0.3 | 0.09–1.01 | 0.05 | ||||
*Unadjusted model
§Adjusted for gestational age at delivery, gender, ethnicity and birthweight centile
¶Adjusted for gestational age at delivery, gender, ethnicity, birthweight centile and gestational age at diagnosis
#Adjusted for gestational age at delivery, insulin treatment and birthweight centile
**Adjusted for gestational age at delivery, insulin treatment and LGA