Table 3.
The outcomes stratified by the duration of the fasting period measured in hours during Ramadan
| N = 293 | No exposure to the whole of Ramadan (n = 48) |
Fasting period/day > 12–13 h (n = 31) | Fasting period/day > 13–14 h (n = 85) | Fasting period/day > 14–15 h (n = 43) |
Fasting period/day > 15–16 h (n = 86) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal demographics | |||||||
| Ethnicity (%): | 1. Arab | 35.4 | 22.6 | 40 | 48.8 | 51.2 | 0.08 |
| 2.Indian | 52.1 | 54.8 | 44.7 | 44.2 | 29.1 | ||
| 3.Asian | 10.4 | 9.7 | 7.1 | 4.7 | 12.8 | ||
| 4.Other | 2.1 | 12.9 | 8.2 | 2.3 | 7 | ||
| Maternal age (years) | 30.8 ± 4.5 | 31.6 ± 5.6 | 31.6 ± 5.1 | 29.9 ± 5.0 | 31.4 ± 5.6 | 0.3 | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 ± 4.3 | 27.0 ± 4.8 | 26.1 ± 6.0 | 26.7 ± 5.7 | 26.6 ± 5.8 | 0.6 | |
| Family history of DM (%) | 67.4 | 61.3 | 56.6 | 55.8 | 69 | 0.4 | |
| Gestation age at diagnosis of GDM (weeks) | 24.6 ± 7.9 | 23.8 ± 7.5 | 24.4 ± 6.0 | 25.7 ± 6.1 | 26.5 ± 6.3 | 0.2 | |
| GDM diagnosis and intervention | |||||||
| OGTT results: | 0 min | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 5.4 ± 1.3 | 5.0 ± 0.9 | 5.2 ± 0.9 | 4.8 ± 0.8 | 0.002 |
| 60 min | 9.9 ± 1.5 | 10.8 ± 2.0 | 10.3 ± 1.8 | 10.3 ± 1.5 | 10.0 ± 1.6 | 0.1 | |
| 120 min | 8.4 ± 1.6 | 8.8 ± 2.3 | 8.6 ± 1.8 | 8.7 ± 1.5 | 8.6 ± 1.4 | 0.9 | |
| AUC | 992 ± 118 | 1058 ± 223 | 1018 ± 121 | 1034 ± 121 | 988 ± 134 | 0.2 | |
| Insulin treatment (%) | 60.4 | 61.3 | 68.2 | 58.1 | 40.7 |
0.007 Ztrend p = 0.004 |
|
| Gestation insulin commenced (weeks) | 28.0 ± 6.6 | 26.5 ± 5.8 | 27.8 ± 6.8 | 28.6 ± 6.1 | 31.0 ± 6.4 | 0.3 | |
| Maximum insulin dose (units) | 34[18–54] | 38[16–54] | 39[19–73] | 27[21–50] | 32[13–80] | 0.8 | |
| Pregnancy outcomes (short-term) | |||||||
| Gestation at confinement (weeks) | 38.2 ± 2.9 | 38.0 ± 1.6 | 38.5 ± 2.1 | 38.8 ± 1.4 | 38.7 ± 1.7 | 0.3 | |
| Weight gain during pregnancy (kg) | 12.2 ± 6.2 | 12.0 ± 6.3 | 13.0 ± 3.7 | 12.3 ± 4.3 | 12.4 ± 5.7 | 0.9 | |
| Pre-term delivery (< 37 weeks) (%) | 8.3 | 9.7 | 12 | 9.3 | 9.6 | N/A | |
| Caesarean section (%) | 29.8 | 48.4 | 45.8 | 30.2 | 27.1 |
0.04 Ztrend p = 0.1 |
|
| Gestational HTN (%) | 14.6 | 25.8 | 14.1 | 14 | 15.1 | 0.3 | |
| Birthweight (grams) | 3140 ± 619 | 3107 ± 521 | 3197 ± 598 | 3265 ± 488 | 3347 ± 584 |
0.2 Ttrend p = 0.02 |
|
| Macrosomia (%) | 4.3 | 6.5 | 7.2 | 7 | 11.8 | Ztrend p = 0.1 | |
| LGA (%) | 6.4 | 6.5 | 7.2 | 9.3 | 13.3 | Ztrend p = 0.1 | |
| SGA (%) | 12.8 | 3.2 | 12 | 0** | 3.6 | Ztrend p = 0.03 | |
| Deceased birth/stillbirth (%) | 2.1 | 0 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | N/A | |
| Deceased post-partum/neonatal death (%) | 0 | 0 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | N/A | |
| Neonatal hypoglycaemia (%) | 22.7 | 9.7 | 11.3 | 16.3 | 7.2** | Ztrend p = 0.06 | |
| Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (%) | 6.8 | 25.8** | 33.8** | 16.3 | 14.3 | Ztrend p = 0.6 | |
| Maternal post-partum glycaemic status | |||||||
| Post-delivery GTT (%) | No diabetes | 90.9 | 87.5 | 73.3 | 77.8 | 77.3 | N/A |
| IGT | 4.5 | 6.3 | 20 | 22.2 | 20.5 | ||
| Diabetes | 4.5 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 0 | 2.3 | ||
*Data are %; mean ± SD; or median [IQR]
**p < 0.05 for comparison with no exposure group as comparator