Table 1.

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the study cohort and their association with depression

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics	Total		Non-Dep		Dep		Univariate logistic regression models
	(n = 30,815)		(n = 25,669)		(n = 5146)
	n	%	N	%	n	%	OR	95% CI
Sex
Female	13,444	43.6	10,615	41.4	2829	55.0	1.73	[1.630; 1.839]
Male	17,371	56.4	15,054	58.6	2317	45.0	Ref. cat.
Age class
≤ 35	1049	3.4	924	3.6	125	2.4	0.93	[0.759; 1.127]
36–55	7782	25.3	6790	26.5	992	19.3	1.00	[0.911; 1.096]
56–65	8332	27.0	7269	28.3	1063	20.7	Ref. cat.
66–75	8072	26.2	6614	25.8	1458	28.3	1.51	[1.384; 1.642]
> 75	5580	18.1	4072	15.9	1508	29.3	2.53	[2.321; 2.764]
Degree of urbanization
1–high-density area	11,715	38.0	9816	38.2	1899	36.9	Ref. cat.
2–medium-density area	15,019	48.7	12,525	48.8	2494	48.5	1.02	[0.951; 1.084]
3–rural area	4081	13.2	3328	13.0	753	14.6	1.15	[1.051; 1.267]
Initial diabetes medications
1 oral GLM	25,728	83.5	21,379	83.3	4349	84.5	Ref. cat.
2 or more oral GLM	2462	8.0	2066	8.0	396	7.7	0.94	[0.842; 1.054]
Insulin	1214	3.9	1026	4.0	188	3.7	0.90	[0.768; 1.056]
Insulin + oral GLM	1411	4.6	1198	4.7	213	4.1	0.87	[0.753; 1.015]
Comorbid conditions
Other mental disorders	386	1.3	283	1.1	103	2.0	1.83	[1.459; 2.300]
Neurological disorders	498	1.6	343	1.3	155	3.0	2.29	[1.892; 2.779]
Hypothyroidism	2332	7.6	1858	7.2	474	9.2	1.30	[1.170; 1.445]
Respiratory illness	2789	9.1	2206	8.6	583	11.3	1.36	[1.234; 1.497]
Cancer	1536	5.0	1233	4.8	303	5.9	1.24	[1.089; 1.411]

GLM Glucose-Lowering Medications; Ref. cat. reference category