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. 2022 Jan 13;12:702. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-04438-7

Table 1.

Distribution of non-users of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products (HTP) according to starting their use during the Covid-19 lockdown, by selected demographic and socio-economic features, addictive behaviours and other individual characteristics. Corresponding odds ratios* (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Italy, 2020.

Characteristics (pre-lockdown) E-cigarette non-users before lockdown People who start using e-cigarette during lockdown HTP non-users before lockdown People who start using HTP during lockdown
% OR (95% CI) % OR (95% CI)
Total 5516 1.8 5763 1.0
Sex
Women 2797 1.4 1.00a 2925 0.9 1.00a
Men 2720 2.2 1.56 (1.03–2.34) 2838 1.0 1.15 (0.67–1.97)
Age group
18–34 1451 2.8 1.00a 1493 1.3 1.00a
35–54 2230 1.7 0.64 (0.41–1.00) 2342 1.0 0.77 (0.42–1.42)
55–74 1836 1.1 0.39 (0.23–0.68) 1928 0.6 0.49 (0.23–1.02)
P for trend 0.001 0.056
Level of education
Low 850 1.4 1.00a 886 0.5 1.00a
Intermediate 2803 1.8 1.22 (0.65–2.30) 2922 0.7 1.25 (0.46–3.45)
High 1864 1.9 1.22 (0.63–2.37) 1954 1.5 2.73 (1.03–7.30)
P for trend 0.628 0.005
Smoking status
Never 3758 2.0 1.00a 3887 1.2 1.00a
Former 477 2.1 1.25 (0.64–2.47) 537 0.8 0.74 (0.27–2.07)
Current 1281 1.1 0.59 (0.33–1.05) 1338 0.2 0.19 (0.06–0.61)
Alcohol (AUDIT-C)
Not at risk 4087 1.6 1.00a 4257 0.8 1.00a
At risk 1430 2.3 1.49 (0.98–2.28) 1506 1.2 1.45 (0.82–2.55)
Cannabis use
No 5162 1.6 1.00a 5376 0.9 1.00a
Yes 355 4.4 2.35 (1.33–4.13) 386 2.0 2.04 (0.93–4.50)
Gambling
No 4647 1.3 1.00a 4847 0.8 1.00
Yes 870 4.6 3.34 (2.18–5.11) 916 1.8 2.23 (1.22–4.07)
Anxiety symptoms (GAD-2)
No (score < 3) 4527 1.6 1.00a 4720 0.8 1.00a
Yes (score ≥ 3) 990 2.6 1.58 (1.00–2.52) 1043 1.5 1.78 (0.98–3.25)
Depressive symptoms (PHQ-2)
No (score < 3) 4765 1.7 1.00a 4965 0.9 1.00a
Yes (score ≥ 3) 751 2.3 1.35 (0.79–2.28) 798 1.1 1.16 (0.55–2.43)

*Estimated by multiple logistic regression models after adjustment for sex, age, level of education and geographic area. Significant estimates at 0.05 level are in bold type.

aReference category.