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. 2022 Jan 14;22:66. doi: 10.1186/s12913-021-07446-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Monthly changes in healthcare utilization, diagnosis of chronic conditions, and out-of-pocket medical spending in Singapore, 2019–2020. A. The share of respondents seen by a doctor. B. The share of respondents having a chronic condition diagnosed by a doctor. C. Total out-of-pocket healthcare spending (in S$). Source. Authors’ analysis of data from the Singapore Life Panel Survey. Notes. Square dots represent point estimates and caps indicate 95% confidence intervals using Eq. (1). Standard errors are clustered at the individual level and corrected for heteroskedasticity