Table 3. In-Hospital Complications and Laboratory Values for PEI and PEH Hospitalized for COVID-19, April 2020 to June 2021.
| Characteristic | PEI (n = 2170)a | General population (n = 624 470), No. (%) | PEH (n = 6088)a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) | Difference (95% CI)b | No. (%) | Difference (95% CI)b | ||
| In-hospital complications | |||||
| Any complication | 1812 (83.5) | −6.4 (−8.0 to −4.8) | 561 322 (89.9) | 4400 (72.3) | −17.6 (−18.7 to −16.5) |
| Respiratory | 1629 (75.1) | −8.0 (−9.9 to −6.2) | 518 889 (83.1) | 3514 (57.7) | −25.4 (−26.6 to −24.1) |
| Pneumonia | 1522 (70.1) | −8.0 (−9.9 to −6.1) | 487 806 (78.1) | 3085 (50.7) | −27.4 (−28.7 to −26.2) |
| Respiratory failure | 1134 (52.3) | −3.4 (−5.5 to −1.3) | 347 798 (55.7) | 1958 (32.2) | −23.5 (−24.7 to −22.4) |
| ARDS | 183 (8.4) | 1.4 (0.2 to 2.5) | 44 155 (7.1) | 184 (3.0) | −4.1 (−4.5 to −3.6) |
| COPD exacerbation, No./total No. (%)c | 80/424 (18.9) | −0.6 (−4.3 to 3.1) | 20 958/10 7615 (19.5) | 315/1432 (22.0) | 2.5 (0.4 to 4.7) |
| Cardiac | 250 (11.5) | −1.5 (−2.9 to −0.2) | 81 579 (13.1) | 936 (15.4) | 2.3 (1.4 to 3.2) |
| Acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina | 171 (7.9) | 0.4 (−0.7 to 1.6) | 46 561 (7.5) | 402 (6.6) | −0.9 (−1.5 to −0.2) |
| Acute congestive heart failure | 74 (3.4) | −1.9 (−2.6 to −1.1) | 32 867 (5.3) | 468 (7.7) | 2.4 (1.8 to 3.1) |
| Hypertensive crisis | 33 (1.5) | −0.3 (−0.9 to 0.2) | 11 633 (1.9) | 237 (3.9) | 2.0 (1.5 to 2.5) |
| Hematologic or vascular | 133 (6.1) | −0.2 (−1.2 to 0.8) | 39 474 (6.3) | 363 (6.0) | −0.4 (−1.0 to 0.2) |
| Neurologic | 48 (2.2) | −0.2 (−0.8 to 0.5) | 14 842 (2.4) | 142 (2.3) | −0.0 (−0.4 to 0.3) |
| Cerebral ischemia or infarction | 41 (1.9) | 0.1 (−0.5 to 0.6) | 11 429 (1.8) | 104 (1.7) | −0.1 (−0.5 to 0.2) |
| Endocrine | 52 (2.4) | −0.1 (−0.7 to 0.6) | 15 304 (2.5) | 223 (3.7) | 1.2 (0.7 to 1.7) |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis, No./total No. (%)c | 44/789 (5.6) | 1.4 (−0.2 to 3.1) | 10 912/263 921 (4.1) | 175/2233 (7.8) | 3.7 (2.6 to 4.8) |
| Gastrointestinal | 67 (3.1) | 1.1 (0.4 to 1.8) | 12 519 (2.0) | 154 (2.5) | 0.5 (0.1 to 0.9) |
| Acute hepatitis or liver failure | 53 (2.4) | 1.1 (0.4 to 1.7) | 8709 (1.4) | 84 (1.4) | −0.0 (−0.3 to 0.3) |
| Renal | 657 (30.3) | −1.3 (−3.2 to 0.7) | 196 943 (31.5) | 1594 (26.2) | −5.4 (−6.5 to −4.2) |
| Acute kidney failure | 632 (29.1) | −0.9 (−2.8 to 1.0) | 187 471 (30.0) | 1519 (25.0) | −5.1 (−6.2 to −4.0) |
| Dialysis initiation | 59 (2.7) | −0.1 (−0.8 to 0.6) | 17 403 (2.8) | 127 (2.1) | −0.7 (−1.1 to −0.3) |
| Sepsis | 556 (25.6) | −1.6 (−3.4 to 0.3) | 169 956 (27.2) | 1351 (22.2) | −5.0 (−6.1 to −4.0) |
| Laboratory values | |||||
| Elevated white blood cell count | 267 (12.3) | 1.8 (0.4 to 3.2) | 65 553 (10.5) | 358 (5.9) | −4.6 (−5.2 to −4.0) |
| Decreased lymphocyte count | 379 (17.5) | 0.8 (−0.8 to 2.4) | 104 258 (16.7) | 612 (10.1) | −6.6 (−7.4 to −5.9) |
| Elevated d-dimer | 191 (8.8) | −2.6 (−3.8 to −1.4) | 70 906 (11.4) | 337 (5.5) | −5.8 (−6.4 to −5.2) |
| Elevated C-reactive protein | 308 (14.2) | 2.4 (0.9 to 3.8) | 73 874 (11.8) | 358 (5.9) | −6.0 (−6.6 to −5.4) |
| Elevated lactate dehydrogenase | 171 (7.9) | −1.9 (−3.0 to −0.7) | 60 845 (9.7) | 252 (4.1) | −5.6 (−6.1 to −5.1) |
| Elevated AST | 262 (12.1) | 1.3 (−0.1 to 2.7) | 67 196 (10.8) | 394 (6.5) | −4.3 (−4.9 to −3.7) |
| Elevated ALT | 196 (9.0) | 1.9 (0.7 to 3.1) | 44 557 (7.1) | 255 (4.2) | −3.0 (−3.5 to −2.4) |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICD-10-CM, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification; PEH, people experiencing homelessness; PEI, people experiencing incarceration.
a
Patients with ICD-10-CM codes for both categories are included in the PEI cohort (n = 187).
b
Difference between the general population.
c
Proportion calculated using the denominator of individuals with the condition identified as an underlying medical condition.