Table 1.
Comparison of the abundance of metals in sediments and water from ocean-exposed sandy beaches around the world (Sediments: In bold, the values that surpassed de TEL-SQGs; in cursive the values that surpassed the PEL-SQGs; SPM: suspended particulate matter) (The number at each location indicates its position on the map (Fig. 1)).
| Number in Fig. 1 | Location | Matrix | Heavy metals | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| America | ||||
| 1 | Monte Hermoso (Argentina) | Water (SPM) | Cr > Cu > Pb > Cd | Fernández Severini et al. (2019) |
| 2 | Brazilian coastline | Sediments | Fe > Al > As | Mirlean et al. (2013) |
| 3 | Amazon Coastal Zone (Brazil) | Sediments | Fe > Al > Mn > Pb > Zn > Sn > V > Sr > Cr > Ni > Co = Cu > Cd > As> Hg | Vilhena et al. (2021) |
| 4 | Bahia Solano beaches (Colombia) | Sediments | Fe > Al > Mn > Pb > Cr > V > Zn > Co > Cu > Sr | Gutiérrez-Mosquera et al. (2018) |
| 5 | Güiria beach (Venezuela) | Sediments | Zn > Mn > Fe > Cd > Cu. Pb, Ni, Cr not detected | Acosta et al. (2002) |
| 6 | Guyana coast (Venezuela)a | Sediments | Fe > Al > Cu > Zn > Cr > Pb > V > Ni | Lakhan et al. (2003) |
| 7 | Western coast of Venezuela | Water (dissolved) | Zn > Pb > Ni > V > Cu > Cd > Cr > As> Hg | García et al. (2008) |
| Sediments | Al > As > Zn > Hg > V > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cu > Cd | |||
| 8 | Acapulco beach (Mexico) | Water (dissolved) | Fe > Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb > As> Mn > Cd > Cr | Jonathan et al. (2011) |
| Sediments | Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd > As | |||
| 9 | Huatulco (Mexico) | Sediments | Fe > Mn > Cr > Zn > Ni > Co > Pb > Cu > As> Cd > Hg | Retama et al. (2016) |
| 10 | Loreto Bay (Mexico) | Water (dissolved) | Sr > As | Jonathan et al. (2019) |
| Sediments | Al > Fe > Sr > Mn > V > Zn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Co > Pb > As> Cd | |||
| Europe | ||||
| 11 | Piscinas beach (Italy) | Sediments | Al > Fe > Ba> Zn > Mn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd > Co | Caredda et al. (1999) |
| 12 | Kizkalesi coast (Turkey)b | Sediments | Fe > Al > Mn > Cr > Ni > V > Co > As > Zn > Cu > Sn > Pb > Cd > Hg | Yalcin and Ilhan (2008) |
| 13 | Espinho beach (Portugal) | Sediments | Al > Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn > Pb > Cr > Ni = Co | Vidinha et al. (2006) |
| 14 | Portugal coast | Sediments | Al > Fe > Cu > Mn > Zn > Pb > Cr > Co = Ni | Vidinha et al. (2009) |
| 15 | Czołpino and Ustka (Poland)c | Sediments | Al > Pb > Zn > Mn > Cd > Sr > Cu > Cr | Bigus et al. (2016) |
| 16 | Wadden island (Netherland)d | Water (pore water) | Ni > Zn > As> Cu > Cr. Cd, Pb not detected | Pit et al. (2017) |
| Sediments | Fe > Al > Cr > Zn > Pb > As> Ni > Cu > Cd | |||
| 17 | Asturian coast (Spain) | Sediments | Fe > Zn > As > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cu > Hg > Cd | Sanz-Prada et al. (2020) |
| Asia | ||||
| 18 | Karachi coast (Pakistan) | Sediments | Fe > Zn > Ni > Co > Pb > Cr > Cu > Mn > Cd | Siddique et al. (2009) |
| 19 | Sarawak coast (Malaysia) | Sediments | Fe > Cr > Sr > Cu > Ni > Mn > Zn > Co > Pb | Nagarajan et al. (2013) |
| 20 | Cox's Bazar (Bangladesh)e | Sediments | Fe > Cr > Zn > Co > As | Khan et al. (2017) |
| 21 | Quanzhou Bay beaches (China)f | Sediments | Fe > Mn > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr | Hu et al. (2010) |
| 22 | Shilaoren Beach (China) | Sediments | Fe > Mn > Cr > Pb > Zn > Ni > Cu > As > Cd | Wang et al. (2017) |
| 23 | Wolpo Beach (Korea) | Sediments | Zn > Pb | Sung-Min and Choi (2019) |
| 24 | Chennai Metropolis (India) | Sediments | Fe > Mn > Pb > Cr > Zn > Ni > Co > Cu > Cd | Santhiya et al. (2011) |
| 25 | Mumbai (India) | Sediments | Fe > Mn > Cr > Co > Ni > Pb > Zn > Cu > Cd | Jayasiri et al. (2014) |
| 26 | Kalpakkam coast (India)g | Sediments | Mn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Zn > Pb > Co > Cd | Bramha et al. (2014) |
| 27 | Kerala beaches (India) | Sediments | Pb > Zn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Cd | Suresh et al. (2015) |
| 28 | Kanyakumari coast (India) | Sediments | Fe > Mn > Zn > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cu | Peter et al. (2017) |
| 29 | Coromandel Coast (India) | Sediments | Fe > Cr > Mn > Pb > Ni > Cu > Co > Zn | Gandhi et al. (2020) |
| 30 | South Andaman Island (India) | Sediments | Fe > Mn > Cr > Ni > Zn > Cu > Co > Pb > As | Sachithanandam et al. (2020) |
| 31 | Chennai coast (India) | Sediments | Fe > Mn > Cr > Pb > Zn > Ni > Co > Cu | Krishnakumar et al. (2020) |
| 32 | Tamil Nadu coast (India) | Sediments | Fe > Al > Mn > Sr > Zn > Pb > Ni > Cu = Cd | Chandrasekaran et al. (2020) |
| 33 | Kanyakumari beach (India) | Sediments | Fe > Al > Mn > Sr > Ni > Cr > Zn > Pb > Co > As > Cd | Sundar et al. (2021) |
| 34 | Tamilnadu (India) | Sediments | Zn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cd | Ramasamy et al. (2021) |
| Africa | ||||
| 35 | Dar es Salaam coast (Tanzania) | Sediments | Fe > Al > Mn > Zn > V > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cu > Co > As> Sn > Cd | Rumisha et al. (2012) |
| 36 | Southwestern Sinai (Egypt) | Sediments | Sr > V > Zn > Ni > Pb > Co = Sn > As = Cu > Cd | El-Kammar et al. (2007) |
| 37 | Marsa Matrouh beaches (Mediterranean coast, Egypt) | Water (dissolved) | Al > Sn > As > V > Se | Ghani (2015) |
| Sediments | Al > Sn > V > As >Se | |||
| 38 | Abu Khashaba beach (Mediterranean coast, Egypt) | Sediments | Fe > Mn > Ni > Pb > V > As > Zn > Sr > Co > Cd > Cu > Cr | El-Sorogy et al. (2016) |
| 39 | Um al-Sid, Hurghada, Quseir (Red Sea coast, Egypt) | Sediments | Fe > Mn > Zn > Ni > Pb≈Cu > Co > Cd | Nour (2020) |
| 40 | Richards Bay (South Africa) | Sediments | Fe > Zn > Mn > Cr > Pb > Ni > Co > Cu > As> Cd > Hg | Vetrimurugan et al. (2016) |
| 41 | South Durban (South Africa) | Sediments | Fe > Cr > Ni > Mn > Co > Zn > Cu > Pb > Mo > Hg > Cd | Vetrimurugan et al. (2017) |
| 42 | Sodwana Bay to St. Lucia (South Africa) | Sediments | Fe > Cr > Mn > Ni > Co > Cu > Zn > Pb > Hg > Cd | Vetrimurugan et al. (2018) |
| 43 | KwaZulu-Natal coast (South Africa) | Sediments | Fe > Cr > Mn > Zn > Cu > Ni > Pb > Co > As> Hg > Cd | Vetrimurugan et al. (2019) |
| 44 | Limbe coastal fringes (Cameroon) | Sediments | Fe > Mn > Ni > Cu > Co > Zn > Cr > Cd | Ekoa Bessa et al. (2021) |
(TEL-SQGs: Threshold Effect Level; PEL-SQGs: Probable Effect Level) (MacDonald et al., 1996)
a
Approximate values obtained from graphs.
b
Beach and dune sediments.
c
Includes mean values along a transect perpendicular to the shoreline from 3 m offshore, at a depth of about 1 m under water to a sheltered place among dunes, about 60–70 m away from the shore.
d
Natural beaches without human interference.
e
Heavy metal content at a depth between 0 and 30 cm.
f
Semi-enclosed bay.
g
Foreshore and backshore locations.