Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis
| Author | Year of publication | Country | Period of inclusion | State/city/region | Number of Centre | Registry | Setting | Mean/Median age (yrs.) | Min. age | Max. age | %Males | Nber of patients with COVID-19 | Nber of patients with COVID-19 and HIV | RoB |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bakamutumaho | 2021 | Uganda | March to December 2020 | Entebbe | Single-Site study | HR | HB | 35 (IQR:27–47) | NR | NR | 83 | 270 | 27 | Low |
| Bhaskaran | 2021 | UK | Feb,1,2020 | National | Multi-Site study | Yes | HB |
HIV positive: 48 (40–55), HIV negative:49 (34–64) |
18 | NR | HIV positive: 64.7, HIV negative: 49.9 | 17,282,905 | 27,480 | Low |
| Blanco | 2020 | Spain | March 9, 2020 | Barcelona | Single-Site study | HR | HB | HIV positive: 37.8 | HIV positive: 29 | HIV positive: 49 | 60 | 543 | 5 | Low |
| Boulle | 2020 | South Africa | 1 March to 9 June 2020 | Western Cape | Multi-Site study | HR | HB | NR | 20 | NR | HIV positive: 22.0, HIV negative 33.7 | 22,308 | 3978 | Low |
| Braunstein | 2020 | USA | June 2, 2020 | New York | Multi-Site study | Yes | PB | NR | 0 | NR | HIV positive:71.4, HIV negative 51.1 | 204,442 | 2410 | Low |
| Byrd | 2020 | USA | 30 March and 20 May 2020 | Rhode Island | Single-Site study | Yes | PB | NR | 30 | 71 | 74.1 | 150 | 27 | Low |
| Cabello | 2021 | Spain | February 1 until May 20, 2020 | Madrid | Multi-Site study | HR | HB | 46 (IQR: 37–56) | NR | NR | 88.9 | 7061 | 31 | Low |
| Calza | 2020 | Italy | March 1, 2020, and April 30, 2020 | Bologna | Single-Site study | HR | HB | 53.8 (IQR: 42.5–64.7) | NR | NR | 73.1 | 756 | 26 | Low |
| Ceballos | 2021 | Chile | 16 April and 23 June 2020 | 23 hospitals all over the country | Multi-Site study | HR | HB | 44 (IQR: 26–85) | NR | NR | HIV positive: 92 | 18,321 | 36 | Low |
| Charre | 2020 | France | March to April 2020 | Lyon | Unclear/Not described | Yes | PB |
HIV positive: 53.0 (41.3–58.6), HIV negative:54.6 (35.6–75.7) |
NR | NR | HIV positive:67.5, HIV negative:40.5 | 3648 | 12 | Low |
| Collins | 2020 | USA | 8 March 2020 to 23 April 2020 | Atlanta | Multi-Site study | HR | HB | 57 (IQR: 48–62) | NR | NR | HIV positive: 65 | 530 | 20 | Low |
| Cucurull-Canosa | 2021 | Spain | Up to 15 May 2020 | Madrid | Single-Site study | HR | HB | HIV:22.7 | HIV:4 | HIV:35 | HIV:58.3 | 317 | 12 | Low |
| Díez | 2021 | Spain | Up to 30 June 2020 | 13 hospitals of the 17 regions of the country | Multi-Site study | HR | HB |
HIV:53; HIV negative:53 |
Q1: HIV:46; HIV negative: 46 |
Q3: HIV:56; HIV negative:56 |
HIV:90.5; HIV negative: 90.5 |
126 | 21 | Low |
| Durstenfeld | 2021 | USA | Up to December 2020 | 107 hospitals in USA | Multi-Site study | Yes | HB |
HIV: 56.0 ± 13.0; HIV negative: 62.3 ± 17.9 |
NR | NR |
HIV:72.3; HIV negative:53.9 |
21,528 | 220 | Low |
| Esfahanian | 2021 | Iran | From 20 February to 19 April 2020 | Tehran | Multi-Site study | HR | HB | NR | NR | NR | 66.4 | 500 | 4 | Low |
| Geretti | 2020 | England, Scotland, and Wales | June 2020 | Multi-countries | Multi-Site study | Yes | HB |
HIV positive: 56 (IQR:49, 62) HIV negative: 74 (60, 84) |
NR | NR | HIV positive:66.1, HIV negative: 57.1 | 47,592 | 122 | Low |
| Gudipati | 2020 | USA | March 20, 2020, and April 30, 2020 | Michigan | Multi-Site study | HR | HB |
HIV positive:49, HIV negative:52 |
NR | NR | HIV positive: 81; HIV negative:47 | 65,549 | 278 | Low |
| Hadi | 2020 | USA | NR | Massachusetts | Multi-Site study | Yes | HB |
HIV positive:48.2; HIV negative:48.8 |
10 | NR | HIV positive: 70.6; HIV negative:44.9 | 50,167 | 404 | Low |
| Jassat | 2021 | South Africa | Up to March 27, 2021 | 393 public and 251 private hospitals | Multi-Site study | Yes | HB | NR | NR | NR |
HIV:7.2; HIV negative:92.8 |
151,779 | 13,793 | Low |
| Lee | 2021 | UK | From 1 February 2020 to 31 May 2020 | London, Manchester, and Leicester | Multi-Site study | HR | HB |
HIV:57; HIV negative:56 |
Q1: HIV: 50; HIV negative: 51 |
Q3: HIV: 63; HIV negative:62 |
HIV:61.8; HIV negative: 63 |
249 | 68 | Low |
| Molina-Iturritza | 2020 | Spain | 1 March to 30 April 2020 | Araba | Multi-Site study | HR | HB | NR | NR | NR |
HIV positive:78, HIV negative:55 |
8912 | 161 | Low |
| Mwananyanda | 2021 | Zambia | Up to september 2020 | Lusaka | Single-Site study | HR | HB | 48 | Q1:36 | Q3:72 | 69 | 70 | 16 | Low |
| Karmen-Tuohy | 2020 | USA | March 2, 2020, and April 23, 2020 | New York | Multi-Site study | Yes | HB | NR | NR | NR | NR | NA | NA | Low |
| Kirenga | 2020 | Uganda | 16 May 2020 | Entebbe | Multi-Site study | HR | HB | 34.2 | NR | NR | 67.9 | 203 | 15 | Low |
| Mash | 2021 | South Africa | March and June 2020 | Western Cape | Multi-Site study | HR | HB | 46.3 | NR | NR | NR | 1376 | 195 | Low |
| Mbarga | 2021 | Cameroon | April,01, 2020 to July,31, 2020 | Yaoundé | Single-Site study | HR | HB | 46 | NR | NR | 62.5 | 259 | 7 | Low |
| Migisha | 2020 | Uganda | March 21–April 12, 2020 | National | Multi-Site study | Yes | PB | 35 | NR | NR | 63 | 54 | 2 | Low |
| Tshikung | 2021 | Switzerland | 1 May 2020 | Geneva | Single-Site study | HR | HB | NR | NR | NR | NR | 1024 | 8 | Low |
| Venturas | 2021 | South Africa | March 6, 2021, to September 11, 2020 | Johannesburg | Single-Site study | HR | HB |
HIV: 45; HIV negative: 52.5 |
Q1: HIV: 38; HIV negative:39.8 |
Q3: HIV: 56; HIV negative: 61 |
HIV: 50; HIV negative:54 |
384 | 108 | Low |
| Nagarakanti | 2021 | Israel | March 2020 and April 2020 | Newark Beth | Single-Site study | HR | HB |
HIV: 59; HIV negative: 49 |
HIV: 51; HIV negative: 41 |
HIV: 67; HIV negative: 73 |
HIV: 61.0; HIV negative:34.8 |
66 | 23 | Low |
| Silva | 2020 | Portugal | March 02 and July 14, 2020 | Porto | Single-Site study | HR | HB | 48 | NR | NR | NR | 2092 | 8 | Low |
| Sultan | 2021 | Ethiopia | Up to August 20, 2020 | Addis Ababa | Multi-Site study | HR | HB | 59 | 17 | 92 | 71 | 85 | 15 | Low |
| Sun | 2021 | USA | Up to 21 May 2021 | National | Multi-Site study | Yes | HB |
HIV: 50; HIV negative:47 |
Q1: HIV: 36; HIV negative:32 |
Q3: HIV: 59; HIV negative:61 |
HIV: 44.8; HIV negative:72.5 |
1,446,913 | 8270 | Low |
| Wyk | 2020 | South Africa | 3 July 2020 | National | Multi-Site study | Yes | PB | 61 | NR | NR | 52.0 | 2457 | 342 | Low |
| Yang | 2020 | China | February 14 | Wuhan | Multi-Site study | HR | HB | NR | NR | NR | NR | 188 | 3 | Low |
| Shalev | 2020 | USA | 15 April 2020 | New York | Single-Site study | Yes | HB | 60.7 | 23 | 89 | NR | 2159 | 31 | Low |
| Ouyang | 2020 | USA | 3/1 to 5/15, 2020 | New York | Single-Site study | HR | HB | NR | NR | NR | NR | 1092 | 22 | Low |
| Parker | 2020 | South Africa | 25 March to 11 May 2020 | Cape Town | Single-Site study | HR | HB |
HIV positive: 46.2; HIV negative: 49.1 |
NR | NR | HIV positive: 25.0; HIV negative: 42.7 | 116 | 24 | Low |
| Rosenthal | 2020 | USA | April 1 and May 31, 2020 | National | Multi-Site study | Yes | HB | 55.5 | NR | NR | 49.3 | 64,781 | 252 | Low |
| Sachdev | 2021 | USA | March 24, 2020, to September 3, 2020 | San Francisco | Multi-Site study | Yes | PB | 48 | 13 | NR | 91.2 | 9819 | 193 | Low |
| Sigle | 2020 | USA | 12 March and 23 April 2020 | Mount Sinai | Multi-Site study | Yes | HB |
HIV positive: 61; HIV negative: 60 |
NR | NR | HIV positive: 75, HIV negative: 76 | 4402 | 88 | Low |
| Stoeckle | 2020 | USA | March 3, 2020, and May 15, 2020 | New York | Single-Site study | HR | HB |
HIV positive: 60.5; HIV negative: 60.5 |
NR | NR |
HIV positive: 80, HIV negative: 80 |
NA | NA | Low |
| Tesoriero | 2021 | USA | March 1 and June 15, 2020, | New York | Multi-Site study | Yes | HB | 54.0 | NR | NR | Unclear | 19,453,561 | 2409 | Low |
| Yendewa | 2021 | USA | January 1 to December 1, 2020 | 44 healthcare centers in the USA | Multi-Site study | Yes | HB |
HIV:48.34 ± 13.59; HIV negative:48.34 ± 13.59 |
NR | NR |
HIV:69.4; HIV negative: 69.4 |
297,194 | 1638 | Low |
HB: Hospital-based; PB: population-based; HR: hospital records; Max age: maximum age; Min age: minimum age; RoB: risk of bias