Table 1.
Distribution of model parameters in three populations with diabetes progression, male.
| Patients initiating insulin for diabetes | Patients initiating combination oral hypoglycemic treatment for diabetes | Population with ≥1% increase in HbA1c over 8% | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (column %) or median (IQR) | n (column %) or median (IQR) | n (column %) or median (IQR) | |||||
| Variable | Category | Pancreatic cancer-free (n = 435,141) | Pancreatic cancer (n = 3,675) | Pancreatic cancer-free (n = 401,708) | Pancreatic Cancer (n = 3,150) | Pancreatic cancer-free (n = 574,778) | Pancreatic cancer (n = 4,606) |
| Age (years) | (Median, IQR) | 64.7 (59.2–71.7) | 65.8 (60.6–72.9) | 64.0 (58.5–70.2) | 65.2 (59.7–71.8) | 64.5 (58.8–71.2) | 66.2 (60.4–72.9) |
| Race | White | 346,375 (79.6) | 2,943 (80.08) | 325,602 (81.05) | 2,548 (80.89) | 454,708 (79.11) | 3,681 (79.92) |
| Black | 75,714 (17.4) | 633 (17.22) | 63,432 (15.79) | 525 (16.67) | 102,116 (17.77) | 801 (17.39) | |
| Asian | 1,831 (0.42) | 14 (0.38) | 2,186 (0.54) | 10 (0.32) | 2,662 (0.46) | 12 (0.26) | |
| Other | 11,221 (2.58) | 85 (2.31) | 10,488 (2.61) | 67 (2.13) | 15,292 (2.66) | 112 (2.43) | |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 26,117 (6) | 195 (5.31) | 25,287 (6.29) | 163 (5.17) | 39,850 (6.93) | 270 (5.86) | |
| Smoking status | Current smoker | 116,690 (26.82) | 1,185 (32.24) | 107,942 (26.87) | 939 (29.81) | 158,616 (27.6) | 1,415 (30.72) |
| Former smoker | 179,743 (41.31) | 1,424 (38.75) | 150,331 (37.42) | 1,087 (34.51) | 231,976 (40.36) | 1,763 (38.28) | |
| Never smoker | 82,165 (18.88) | 601 (16.35) | 78,240 (19.48) | 528 (16.76) | 111,149 (19.34) | 792 (17.19) | |
| Missing/unknown | 56,543 (12.99) | 465 (12.65) | 65,195 (16.23) | 596 (18.92) | 73,037 (12.71) | 636 (13.81) | |
| Heavy drinking | No | 190,773 (43.84) | 1,414 (38.48) | 130,114 (32.39) | 753 (23.9) | 232,814 (40.51) | 1,561 (33.89) |
| Yes | 34,689 (7.97) | 289 (7.86) | 28,959 (7.21) | 161 (5.11) | 48,757 (8.48) | 373 (8.1) | |
| Unknown/missing | 209,679 (48.19) | 1,972 (53.66) | 242,635 (60.4) | 2,236 (70.98) | 293,207 (51.01) | 2,672 (58.01) | |
| Acute pancreatitis | 9,884 (2.27) | 202 (5.5) | 5,374 (1.34) | 89 (2.83) | 11,132 (1.94) | 201 (4.36) | |
| Chronic pancreatitis | 4,822 (1.11) | 98 (2.67) | 2,482 (0.62) | 44 (1.4) | 5,843 (1.02) | 107 (2.32) | |
| Abdominal pain | 68,560 (15.76) | 760 (20.68) | 51,734 (12.88) | 471 (14.95) | 89,424 (15.56) | 844 (18.32) | |
| NAFLD | 15,107 (3.47) | 159 (4.33) | 11,005 (2.74) | 81 (2.57) | 18,540 (3.23) | 150 (3.26) | |
| Heart disease | 194,390 (44.67) | 1,586 (43.16) | 148,608 (36.99) | 1,230 (39.05) | 242,062 (42.11) | 1915 (41.58) | |
| Jaundice | 1,961 (0.45) | 68 (1.85) | 1,224 (0.3) | 16 (0.51) | 2,472 (0.43) | 42 (0.91) | |
| Alcoholism | 141,868 (32.6) | 1,376 (37.44) | 123,148 (30.66) | 1,018 (32.32) | 190,339 (33.12) | 1,680 (36.47) | |
| Cirrhosis | 9,237 (2.12) | 77 (2.1) | 4,562 (1.14) | 46 (1.46) | 10,575 (1.84) | 97 (2.11) | |
| Back pain | 71,453 (16.42) | 629 (17.12) | 58,918 (14.67) | 458 (14.54) | 95,176 (16.56) | 790 (17.15) | |
| Proton-pump inhibitor | 182,794 (42.01) | 1,602 (43.59) | 140,139 (34.89) | 1,110 (35.24) | 230,024 (40.02) | 1,872 (40.64) | |
| Biguanides | 331,997 (76.3) | 2,898 (78.86) | 383,810 (95.54) | 3,006 (95.43) | 417,996 (72.72) | 3,316 (71.99) | |
| DPP-IV inhibitors | 10,571 (2.43) | 65 (1.77) | 8,493 (2.11) | 37 (1.17) | 5,472 (0.95) | 25 (0.54) | |
| Weight (lbs) | 216 (188.2–248.6) | 207 (179.5–239.6) | 218 (192–249) | 213.05 (187–244) | 218.8 (191–250.8) | 211 (184.7–242.6) | |
| % weight change | −0.43 (−3.43 to 2.26) | −1.68 (−5.78 to 1.43) | 0 (−2.6 to 2.36) | −0.54 (−3.45 to 2.1) | 0.18 (−2.48 to 3.06) | −0.49 (−3.57 to 2.45) | |
| Peak BMI | 32.99 (29.33–37.43) | 32.2 (28.76–36.58) | 32.82 (29.33–37.03) | 32.29 (28.76–36.24) | 32.99 (29.42–37.33) | 32.21 (28.83–36.4) | |
| HbA1C (%) | 8.7 (7.6–10.2) | 8.9 (7.8–10.4) | 7.8 (7.1–9) | 7.8 (7.1–9) | 9 (8.4–10) | 9 (8.4–10) | |
| HbA1c change (%) | 0.2 (−0.2 to 1.4) | 0.5 (−0.1 to 1.8) | 0 (−0.5 to 0.7) | 0 (−0.4 to 0.8) | 1.4 (1–2.1) | 1.5 (1–2.2) | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.07 (0.9–1.3) | 0 (−9.09 to 10) | 0 (−9.09 to 10) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.07 (0.9–1.28) | |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 163 (138–193) | 159 (135–189) | 166 (142–195) | 163 (140–192) | 166 (142–196) | 162 (138–191) | |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | |
| % Bilirubin change | 0 (−20 to 25) | 0 (−18.18 to 28.57) | 0 (−20 to 20) | 0 (−20 to 20) | 0 (−20 to 25) | 0 (−20 to 25) | |
| RBC (M/cmm) | 4.65 (4.25–5.01) | 4.62 (4.24–4.98) | 4.78 (4.45–5.09) | 4.74 (4.42–5.06) | 4.74 (4.39–5.07) | 4.71 (4.36–5.03) | |
| % RBC change | 0 (−5.08 to 2.87) | 0 (−5.6 to 3.03) | 0 (−4.05 to 2.21) | 0 (−4.44 to 1.81) | 0 (−3.94 to 4.18) | 0 (−4.29 to 3.8) | |
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; n, number of patients.