Table 2.
Distribution of model parameters in three populations with diabetes progression, female.
| Patients initiating insulin for diabetes | Patients initiating combination oral hypoglycemic treatment for diabetes | Population with ≥1% increase in HbA1c over 8% | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (column %) or median (IQR) | n (column %) or median (IQR) | n (column %) or median (IQR) | |||||
| Variable | Category | Pancreatic cancer-free (n = 10,815) | Pancreatic cancer (n = 54) | Pancreatic cancer-free (n = 9,554) | Pancreatic cancer (n = 48) | Pancreatic cancer-free (n = 13,951) | Pancreatic cancer (n = 66) |
| Age (years) | 58.8 (54.6–64.2) | 60.5 (58.3–65.0) | 58.3 (54.3–63.6) | 60.7 (56.9–64.0) | 58.7 (54.4–64.2) | 61.2 (58.5–67.1) | |
| Race | White | 7,555 (69.86) | 38 (70.37) | 6,693 (70.05) | 36 (75) | 9,688 (69.44) | 46 (69.7) |
| Black | 2,839 (26.25) | 15 (27.78) | 2,480 (25.96) | 11 (22.92) | 3,693 (26.47) | 20 (30.3) | |
| Asian | 57 (0.53) | 0 (0) | 62 (0.65) | 0 (0) | 93 (0.67) | 0 (0) | |
| Other | 364 (3.37) | 1 (1.85) | 319 (3.34) | 1 (2.08) | 477 (3.42) | 0 (0) | |
| Hispanic Ethnicity | 566 (5.23) | 2 (3.7) | 573 (6) | 3 (6.25) | 816 (5.85) | 1 (1.52) | |
| Smoking status | Current smoker | 2,974 (27.5) | 21 (38.89) | 2,628 (27.51) | 12 (25) | 3,895 (27.92) | 17 (25.76) |
| Former smoker | 3,325 (30.74) | 9 (16.67) | 2,750 (28.78) | 10 (20.83) | 4,198 (30.09) | 22 (33.33) | |
| Never smoker | 3,544 (32.77) | 16 (29.63) | 3,201 (33.5) | 17 (35.42) | 4,744 (34) | 20 (30.3) | |
| Missing/unknown | 972 (8.99) | 8 (14.81) | 975 (10.21) | 9 (18.75) | 1114 (7.99) | 7 (10.61) | |
| Heavy drinking | No | 5,839 (53.99) | 22 (40.74) | 4,182 (43.77) | 10 (20.83) | 7,145 (51.21) | 27 (40.91) |
| Yes | 619 (5.72) | 2 (3.7) | 497 (5.2) | 2 (4.17) | 845 (6.06) | 2 (3.03) | |
| Unknown/missing | 4,357 (40.29) | 30 (55.56) | 4,875 (51.03) | 36 (75) | 5,961 (42.73) | 37 (56.06) | |
| Acute pancreatitis | 251 (2.32) | 3 (5.56) | 141 (1.48) | 2 (4.17) | 280 (2.01) | 2 (3.03) | |
| Chronic pancreatitis | 110 (1.02) | 3 (5.56) | 60 (0.63) | 0 (0) | 124 (0.89) | 1 (1.52) | |
| Abdominal pain | 3,306 (30.57) | 20 (37.04) | 2,673 (27.98) | 14 (29.17) | 4,297 (30.8) | 23 (34.85) | |
| NAFLD | 683 (6.32) | 6 (11.11) | 521 (5.45) | 3 (6.25) | 849 (6.09) | 6 (9.09) | |
| Heart disease | 2,975 (27.51) | 14 (25.93) | 2,221 (23.25) | 18 (37.5) | 3,670 (26.31) | 22 (33.33) | |
| Jaundice | 23 (0.21) | 1 (1.85) | 13 (0.14) | 0 (0) | 29 (0.21) | 1 (1.52) | |
| Alcoholism | 3,439 (31.8) | 20 (37.04) | 2,844 (29.77) | 17 (35.42) | 4,467 (32.02) | 20 (30.3) | |
| Cirrhosis | 183 (1.69) | 1 (1.85) | 90 (0.94) | 0 (0) | 215 (1.54) | 2 (3.03) | |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 2,336 (21.6) | 9 (16.67) | 1,642 (17.19) | 7 (14.58) | 2,958 (21.2) | 16 (24.24) | |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 595 (5.5) | 2 (3.7) | 357 (3.74) | 0 (0) | 716 (5.13) | 2 (3.03) | |
| Back pain | 2,922 (27.02) | 17 (31.48) | 2,382 (24.93) | 10 (20.83) | 3,840 (27.52) | 20 (30.3) | |
| Proton-pump inhibitor | 5,671 (52.44) | 31 (57.41) | 4,554 (47.67) | 25 (52.08) | 7,224 (51.78) | 31 (46.97) | |
| Biguanides | 8,863 (81.95) | 45 (83.33) | 9,344 (97.8) | 48 (100) | 11,060 (79.28) | 53 (80.3) | |
| DPP-IV inhibitors | 347 (3.21) | 0 (0) | 344 (3.6) | 0 (0) | 188 (1.35) | 0 (0) | |
| Weight (lbs) | 196.2 (169–227) | 180.6 (154–204.9) | 197.7 (171–228) | 174.65 (153–218.9) | 199 (172–229.9) | 193.2 (166.3–218.2) | |
| % weight change | −0.34 (−3.55 to 2.76) | −2.35 (−7.83 to 2.96) | −0.3 (−3.31–2.6) | −0.54 (−3.25 to 2.4) | 0.65 (−2.41 to 4.08) | 1.33 (−2.76 to 4.85) | |
| Peak BMI | 35.34 (30.98–40.45) | 33.4 (30.13–38.31) | 35.34 (30.95–40.35) | 32.86 (28.96–39.08) | 35.34 (31–40.33) | 34.18 (31.23–41.09) | |
| HbA1c (%) | 9 (7.8–10.6) | 8.65 (7.7–10.5) | 8 (7.2–9.3) | 7.65 (7.2–8.35) | 9.1 (8.4–10.2) | 9 (8.3–10) | |
| HbA1c change (%) | 0.3 (−0.2 to 1.7) | 0.3 (0–2.4) | 0 (−0.5 to 0.9) | 0 (−0.95 to 0.4) | 1.5 (1–2.2) | 1.5 (0.8–2) | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 (0.7–1) | 0.9 (0.6–1.1) | 0.8 (0.7–0.96) | 0.8 (0.72–0.99) | 0.8 (0.7–1) | 0.9 (0.71–1.1) | |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 183 (155–218) | 185 (152–207) | 182 (157–217) | 168.5 (155–205.5) | 185 (159–220) | 181.5 (155–212) | |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.5 (0.34–0.7) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 0.5 (0.34–0.7) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | 0.5 (0.39–0.7) | 0.5 (0.34–0.65) | |
| % Bilirubin change | 0 (−20 to 25) | 0 (−24 to 50) | 0 (−20 to 25) | 0 (−15.43 to 30.95) | 0 (−20 to 33.33) | 0 (−27.27 to 33.33) | |
| RBC (M/cmm) | 4.51 (4.18–4.82) | 4.39 (4.15–4.69) | 4.56 (4.26–4.85) | 4.45 (4.29–4.74) | 4.54 (4.25–4.84) | 4.5 (4.03–4.73) | |
| % RBC change | 0 (−4.31 to 3.86) | 0 (−4.36 to 4.37) | 0 (−3.95 to 3.1) | 0 (−5.24 to 2.25) | 0 (−3.29 to 4.95) | 0 (−5.42 to 5.21) | |
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; n, number of patients.