Table 3.
Multivariable associations with pancreatic cancer in three populations with diabetes progression.
| Initiating insulin for diabetes | Initiating combination oral hypoglycemic treatment for diabetes | ≥1% increase in HbA1c over 8% | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |||||
| Variable | Category or unit for HR estimation | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female |
| Age (years) | 1 unit increase | 1.04 (1.04–1.05) | 1.04 (1.00–1.07) | 1.04 (1.03–1.04) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.04 (1.04–1.05) | 1.04 (1.01–1.06) |
| Race (Ref: White) | Black | NS | NS | 1.10 (0.99–1.21) | NS | NS | NS |
| Asian | 0.68 (0.37–1.27) | ||||||
| Other | 0.85 (0.66–1.08) | ||||||
| Hispanic ethnicity (Ref: Non-Hispanic/Latino) | Hispanic or Latino | 0.78 (0.67–0.90) | NS | 0.79 (0.68–0.93) | NS | 0.76 (0.67–0.86) | NS |
| Unknown | 1.49 (1.22–1.81) | 1.27 (1.00–1.60) | 1.50 (1.26–1.79) | ||||
| Smoking status (Ref: Never smoker) | Current smoker | 1.33 (1.19–1.49) | NS | 1.34 (1.18–1.51) | NS | 1.21 (1.09–1.33) | NS |
| Former smoker | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) | 1.03 (0.95–1.13) | ||||
| Missing/unknown | 0.93 (0.82–1.06) | 1.05 (0.94–1.19) | 1.00 (0.90–1.12) | ||||
| Heavy drinking (Ref: No) | Yes | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) | NS | 1.00 (0.84–1.19) | NS | 1.16 (1.03–1.30) | NS |
| Unknown/missing | 0.84 (0.78–0.91) | 0.76 (0.69–0.84) | 0.76 (0.71–0.82) | ||||
| Acute pancreatitis | Current | 7.26 (5.92–8.91) | NS | 5.69 (4.03–8.04) | NS | 13.49 (10.45–17.4) | NS |
| 3 years in the past | 6.63 (5.57–7.89) | 5.94 (4.53–7.79) | 6.41 (4.92–8.35) | ||||
| Chronic pancreatitis | Current | NS | 496.7 (108.6–2,271.3) | 4.91 (2.76–8.73) | NS | 1.96 (1.55–2.48) | NS |
| 3 years in the past | 62.78 (2.06–1913.03) | 2.78 (1.62–4.76) | 2.43 (1.99–2.98) | ||||
| Abdominal pain | Current | 3.02 (2.64–3.45) | NS | 3.15 (2.64–3.76) | NS | 2.26 (1.99–3.57) | NS |
| 3 years in the past | 2.35 (2.13–2.60) | 2.14 (1.84–2.48) | 1.84 (1.67–2.02) | ||||
| NAFLD | Current | 1.68 (1.34–2.10) | 20.58 (5.74–73.74) | NS | NS | NS | 14.46 (4.03–51.87) |
| 3 years in the past | 1.72 (1.45–2.04) | 13.42 (4.14–43.48) | 12.36 (4.76–32.12) | ||||
| Heart disease | Current | NS | NS | NS | 8.91 (3.94–20.15) | NS | NS |
| 3 years in the past | 6.76 (3.28–13.9) | ||||||
| Jaundice | Current | 207.9 (140.3–308.2) | NS | 20.4 (7.79–53.44) | NS | 22.48 (13.7–36.9) | NS |
| 3 years in the past | 1.43 (0.95–2.15) | 3.06 (0.98–9.49) | 5.04 (2.62–9.72) | ||||
| Alcoholism | Current | 1.46 (1.34–1.59) | NS | 1.74 (1.55–1.96) | NS | 1.64 (1.51–1.77) | NS |
| 3 years in the past | 1.63 (1.51–1.76) | 1.77 (1.61–1.94) | 1.86 (1.74–1.99) | ||||
| Cirrhosis | Current | NS | NS | 3.31 (2.09–5.24) | NS | NS | NS |
| 3 years in the past | 3.08 (2.22–4.29) | ||||||
| Back pain | Current | NS | NS | NS | NS | 1.11 (1.06–1.17) | NS |
| 3 years in the past | 1.21 (1.13–1.29) | ||||||
| Neuropathy | Current | NS | NS | 1.18 (1.07–1.31) | NS | NS | NS |
| 3 years in the past | 1.27 (1.16–1.40) | ||||||
| Proton-pump inhibitor | Current | NS | NS | 1.34 (1.20–1.50) | NS | NS | NS |
| 3 years in the past | 1.28 (1.17–1.41) | ||||||
| Biguanides | Current | 1.59 (1.44–1.76) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| 3 years in the past | 1.43 (1.31–1.57) | ||||||
| DPP-IV inhibitors | Current | NS | NS | 2.64 (1.73–4.03) | NS | NS | NS |
| 3 years in the past | 1.63 (0.42–6.29) | ||||||
| Weight (lbs) | 10-unit increase | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | NS | NS | 0.93 (0.86–1.00) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | NS |
| % weight change | 20-unit increase | 0.56 (0.50–0.62) | 0.38 (0.19–0.76) | 0.70 (0.61–0.79) | NS | 0.60 (0.54–0.67) | NS |
| Peak BMI (kg/m2) | 1 unit increase | 1.02 (1.01–1.02) | NS | NS | NS | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | NS |
| HbA1C (%) | 1 unit increase | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | NS | 1.05 (1.03–1.08) | NS | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) | NS |
| HbA1c change (%) | 1 unit increase | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | NS | NS | NS | 1.03 (1.00–1.05) | NS |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.1 unit increase | 0.97 (0.96–0.97) | NS | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) | NS | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 10-unit increase | 0.98 (0.97–0.98) | NS | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) | 0.97 (0.97–0.98) | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.1 unit increase | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| % Bilirubin change | 20-unit increase | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | 1.08 (1.03–1.14) | NS | NS | 1.03 (1.02–1.03) | NS |
| RBC (M/cmm) | 1 unit increase | NS | NS | 0.90 (0.84–0.97) | NS | 0.93 (0.87–0.99) | NS |
| RBC change (M/cmm) | 1 unit increase | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.72–(0.51–1.03) | NS |
Abbreviations: NS, not selected in the multivariable model; Ref, reference level.