Table 3.
Output energy capacities and applications of 3D-printed energy harvesting devicesa.
| Sr. | Energy device | Source of excitation | Excitations | 3DP materials | Output | Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wrist-wearable hybridized EMG-TENG | Human wrist-motions | ≤5 Hz | ABS, PLA | 0.118 mW/cm3 | Wearable electronic devices, self-powered healthcare monitoring sensors |
| 2 | Bidirectional gear transmission based TENG | Motion of human foot | 3.5 Hz | PLA | 4 mW | LEDs, thermometer, low-power devices |
| 3 | Elastic TENG based self-powered electro-fenton system | Reciprocation by hand | 2–5 Hz | Acrylic | 1.95 W/m2 | Sustainable removal of methylene blue (MB) emissions, LED bulbs |
| 4 | Hybrid coaxial TENG | Rotary motion | 100−400 rpm | ABS, acrylic | 846.4 W | LEDs, small toys, sensors |
| 5 | Wind-driven hybrid TENG-EMG nano-generator | Slow speed wind | 6 m/s | PLA | 245 mW | Subway tunnel, electronic gadgets, wireless sensor nodes, LED screen |
| 6 | Freestanding kinetic-impact-based TENG | Human motions | 5 Hz | PLA | 102.29 mW | Thermo-hygrometers, LEDs, smartphones, smartwatches, temperature sensors |
| 7 | Flexible TENG for vibration energy harvesting | Vibrations | 6 Hz | Acrylic | 608.5 mW/m2 | Portable and wearable sensors |
| 8 | 3D-printed silicone-Cu fiber-based TENG | Human motion | ≤5 Hz | Si elastomer | 31.39 mW/m2 | Sensors, energy harvesting, LEDs, biomechanical applications |
| 9 | Integrated flywheel & spiral spring TENG | Human foot motion | ≤5 Hz | PLA | 38.4 mJ | LEDs, commercial thermometer, small electronic devices |
| 10 | Low-frequency resonant EMG-TENG nanogenerator | Manual vibrations | 18 Hz | ABS | 2.61 mW | Vibration sensors, portable and wearable electronic devices, recharging batteries |
| 11 | Novel sweep-type TENG | Rotary motion | 1.2 m/s | PLA | 400 V, 15 μA | Thermometer, LEDs, driver habits-monitoring, road conditions analysis |
| 12 | Mechanical frequency regulator based TENG | Human and windmill | 10–50 Hz | PLA | 17 V, 6.5 mA | Wireless node sensors |
| 13 | Water droplet vibrations based TENGs | Vibrations | 1 to 30 Hz | ITO glass | 7.55 μW | Self-powered electronic systems |
| 14 | Origami-tessellation-based TENG | Ambient excitations | 3 to 16 Hz | Nylon | 26.16 μW | Energy harvesting on road pavement |
| 15 | Galloping TENG based on two flexible beams | Wind energy | 1.4–6 m/s | ABS, PET | 200 V, 7 μA | Outdoor electric devices, LEDs |
| 16 | Direction-switchable TENG | Human joint motions | 5 to 15 cm/s | PLA | 5V, 10 μA | Portable self-powered electronic devices |
| 17 | Rotary cam-based TENG | Rotary motion | 300−1000 rpm | PLA | 3.5 mW | LEDs, commercial & industrial applications |
| 18 | Nanopillar-array architectured TENG | Wind energy | 14–15 m/s | PLA | 568 V, 25.6 μA | Wind energy harvesting |
EMGelectromagnetic generator.
TENGtriboelectric nanogenerator.
ABSacrylonitrile poly-butadiene styrene.
PLApolylactic acid.
ITOIndium tin oxide.
a
For references and further details of the cited papers in Table 3, please visit the supplementary file attached with this article.