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. 2022 Jan 13;23:23. doi: 10.1186/s13059-021-02591-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Portability of PTRS for 17 quantitative phenotypes in UK Biobank. The portability of PTRS trained and calculated using GTEx EUR whole blood samples are shown in yellow with the PRS shown in gray. “EUR ref.” set is used as the reference population in the calculation of portability (see details in the “Methods” section) so that the portability is always 1. Recall that the absolute performance of PTRS is, on average, lower than PRS as shown in Fig. 3a and Additional file 1: Figure S3