Khamooshi 2017.

Study characteristics
Methods	Randomised controlled three‐arm parallel trial
Participants	60/130 girls with flat feet Age: 9 to13 years Gender: all girls Location:Tehran, Iran Setting: Schools of Khalil Abad county Inclusion criteria: female, good general health, flexible flat feet – assessed using tip toe test, navicular collapse Exclusion criteria: lower extremity surgery, fracture, orthopaedic problems Baseline characteristics: all girls, matched re age, BMI
Interventions	1. control group, N = 20 2. stretches, strengthening; i.e. Achilles tendon stretching and strengthening, exercises effective on the interior longitudinal foot arch, N = 20 3. stretches, strengthening, core exercises; i.e. exercises related to the muscles, Achilles tendon stretching and strengthening, exercises effective on the interior longitudinal foot arch and activities for core stability, N = 20 Baseline, and after exercise programme: groups 2 and 3 performed the exercises for 8 weeks, three times a week, in the form of three turns with 20 repetitions.
Outcomes	Pre/post exercise programme (8 weeks apart) ‐ Staheli footprint arch index: the narrowest section of the arch (A) was divided by the broadest section of the foot (B) based on Staheli's formula (AI = A/B) ‐ Navicular collapse test: seated with knee flexed 90 degrees, and subtalar neutral position. The navicular height from ground measured (mm). This is repeated with participant standing, and the difference recorded as the navicular collapse rate.
Source of funding	Not stated
Notes	Only Staheli index reported, and yet Navicular collapse is stated to improve with exercises (both groups), versus control (p 154)
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information about the sequence generation process to permit judgement of low risk or high risk. ‘In the present study, 60 female students with flat feet disorders were selected, who were stochastically assigned to three 20‐individual groups’
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement of low risk or high risk.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Participants were not blinded Personnel were not blinded
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) ‐ self‐reported outcomes (e.g., pain, function)	Unclear risk	N/A
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) ‐ objective outcomes	Unclear risk	It was not clear if the person who measured Staheli arch index was aware of group allocation.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	The number of children who completed the study, or for whom outcome data were presented was not reported.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Data for ‘navicular bone collapse’ (also referred to as Navi Loss within the paper) was not reported.
Other bias	Unclear risk	The training programmes were inadequately described.