Figure 1.

HS administration alleviates DSS-induced colitis. (a) Representative colonic photographs and colon length (n = 8). (b) Alteration of body weight from days 10 to 17(n = 8). (c) Representative H&E staining colonic photomicrographs and colonic damage scores. The red arrows denote epithelial shedding, the green arrows denote epithelial hyperplasia, the black arrows indicate inflammatory cell infiltration, and the black box denote crypt loss (Scale bars: 50 μm) (n = 5). (d) The expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors in colonic tissues were analyzed using ELISA (n = 3). (e) Western blotting analyses of MyD88 and TLR4 with β-actin as reference in colon tissue (n = 3). (f) Western blotting analyses of IκB α and phosphorylated IκB α (pIκB α) with β-actin as reference in colon tissue (n = 3). All data show mean ± SD, are representative of two to four independent experiments, and include statistical significance calculated using one-way ANOVA with LSD multiple comparison post hoc test. ns, no significant; * P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.