Figure 1.

Microglia in the M1 Pro-Inflammatory State. M1 Microglia release pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β that propagate the pro-inflammatory response of itself and other microglia or inflammatory cells (A). They typically conform to an amoeboid morphology to allow for rapid chemotaxis and phagocytosis of cellular debris (B). In utilization of glucose, M1 microglia convert glucose to ATP using anaerobic metabolism (C), but can also shunt it (D). Shunts such as the pentose phosphate pathway can increase production of NADPH (E) and thus reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Created with BioRender.com.