Table 3. Bivariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with the prevalence of Salmonella species and ESBL producing E.coli from raw meat and swab samples collected from butcher shops at Hawassa city, Sidama regional state, Ethiopia, 2020 (n = 556).
| Variables | Growth | COR(95%CI) | p-value | AOR(95%CI) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *Yes (%) | No (%) | ||||||
| Sex | Male | 70(26.2) | 197(73.8) | 0.948(0.245–3.672) | 0.938 | ||
| Female | 3(27.3) | 8(72.7) | 1 | ||||
| Age(year) | < 25 | 33(27.7) | 86(72.3) | 0.869(0.167–4.523) | 0.867 | ||
| 25–35 | 38(25.2) | 113(74.8) | 0.991(0.192–5.12) | 0.991 | |||
| 36–45 | 2(25) | 6(75) | 1 | ||||
| Educational status | No formal education | 2(22.2) | 7(77.2) | 3.5(0.145–84.94) | 0.441 | . | |
| 1–8 grade | 41 | 147 | 3.125(0.185–52.87) | 0.43 | |||
| 9–12 grade | 29(33) | 59(67) | 3.52(0.213–58.302) | 0.38 | |||
| Diploma & above | 1(50) | 1(50) | 2.034(0.123–33.7) | 0.62 | |||
| Hand washing practice | Yes | 22(30.1) | 51(69.9) | 2.208(1.249–3.904) | 0.006 | 2.434(1.358–4.365) | 0.003 |
| No | 100(48.8) | 105(51.2 | 1 | ||||
| Medical screening | Yes | 48(26.6) | 132(73.3) | 1.062(0.606–1.862) | 0.834 | ||
| No | 25(25.5) | 73(74.5) | 1 | ||||
| Use of protective cloth | Yes | 66(27) | 178(73) | 0.699(0.291–1.682) | 0.424 | ||
| No | 7(20.6) | 27(79.4) | 1 | ||||
| Hair cover | Yes | 21(25) | 63(75) | 1.099(0.611–1.976) | 0.754 | ||
| No | 52(26.8) | 142(73.2) | 1 | ||||
| Meat safety training | Yes | 61(27) | 12(16) | 0.811(0.399–1.649) | 0.564 | ||
| No | 165(23) | 40(19.) | 1 | ||||
| Use of Apron | Yes | 8(32) | 17(68) | 0.735(0.303–1.783) | 0.495 | ||
| No | 65(25.7) | 188(74.3) | 1 | ||||
| Use of glove | Yes | 7(25.9) | 20(74.1) | 1.019(0.412–2.521) | 0.967 | ||
| No | 66(26.3) | 185(73.7) | 1 | ||||
| Touching birr | Yes | 27(23.1) | 90(76.9) | 0.75(0.433–1.299) | 0.001 | 0.454(0.26–0.793) | 0.006 |
| No | 46(2.6) | 115(71.4) | 1 | ||||
| Cleaning equipment after work | Yes | 46(63) | 27(37) | 1.323(0.756–2.317) | 0.327 | ||
| No | 142(69.3) | 63(30.7) | |||||
| Wear jewelers | Yes | 14(23.7) | 47(76.3) | 1.185(0.607–2.316) | 0.619 | ||
| No | 59(26.9) | 160(73.1) | 1 | ||||
| cleaning meat storage area | Yes | 71(25.9) | 203(74.1) | 1.323(0.756–2.316) | 0.298 | ||
| No | 2(50) | 2(50) | |||||
* Yes = growth at least in one of the two sample types collected from each butcher shop, CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio