Table 2. Patient characteristics by type of ventilation.
| Invasive ventilation only (IMV) | Non-invasive ventilation only (NIV) | Non-invasive ventilation failure (NIV-F) | Non-invasive ventilation failure by day of failure | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First day | Second day | Third or fourth day | Fifth day or later | ||||
| Number of patients | 7235 | 4469 | 3472 | 1213 | 591 | 684 | 984 |
| Age (years) | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 68.0 (12.9) | 71.2 (13.5) | 68.6 (11.9) | 67.9 (12.5) | 68.6 (12.3) | 68.9 (11.4) | 69.1 (11.0) |
| Median (IQR) | 70.0 (60.0, 78.0) | 74.0 (62.0, 82.0) | 70.0 (62.0, 78.0) | 69.0 (60.0, 78.0) | 70.0 (61.0, 78.0) | 71.0 (62.0, 78.0) | 70.0 (62.0, 78.0) |
| 18–49 years | 613 (8.5%) | 325 (7.3%) | 228 (6.6%) | 101 (8.3%) | 42 (7.1%) | 38 (5.6%) | 47 (4.8%) |
| 50–59 years | 1,095 (15.1%) | 541 (12.1%) | 470 (13.5%) | 176 (14.5%) | 78 (13.2%) | 88 (12.9%) | 128 (13.0%) |
| 60–69 years | 1,904 (26.3%) | 886 (19.8%) | 996 (28.7%) | 336 (27.7%) | 173 (29.3%) | 197 (28.8%) | 290 (29.5%) |
| 70–79 year | 2,135 (29.5%) | 1,131 (25.3%) | 1,102 (31.7%) | 358 (29.5%) | 178 (30.1%) | 230 (33.6%) | 336 (34.1%) |
| ≥ 80 years | 1,488 (20.6%) | 1,586 (35.5%) | 676 (19.5%) | 242 (20.0%) | 120 (20.3%) | 131 (19.2%) | 183 (18.6%) |
| Male | 4,687 (64.8%) | 2,725 (61.0%) | 2,405 (69.3%) | 816 (67.3%) | 418 (70.7%) | 475 (69.4%) | 696 (70.7%) |
| Female | 2,548 (35.2%) | 1,744 (39.0%) | 1,067 (30.7%) | 397 (32.7%) | 173 (29.3%) | 209 (30.6%) | 288 (29.3%) |
| Elixhauser comorbidities | |||||||
| Hypertension | 4,913 (67.9%) | 3,129 (70.0%) | 2,482 (71.5%) | 839 (69.2%) | 428 (72.4%) | 476 (69.6%) | 739 (75.1%) |
| Diabetes | 3,182 (44.0%) | 1,889 (42.3%) | 1,556 (44.8%) | 543 (44.8%) | 258 (43.7%) | 302 (44.2%) | 453 (46.0%) |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 3,304 (45.7%) | 1,619 (36.2%) | 1,641 (47.3%) | 557 (45.9%) | 290 (49.1%) | 327 (47.8%) | 467 (47.5%) |
| Renal failure | 2,006 (27.7%) | 1,430 (32.0%) | 931 (26.8%) | 323 (26.6%) | 172 (29.1%) | 185 (27.0%) | 251 (25.5%) |
| Congestive heart failure | 2,494 (34.5%) | 1,510 (33.8%) | 1,195 (34.4%) | 398 (32.8%) | 212 (35.9%) | 238 (34.8%) | 347 (35.3%) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1,351 (18.7%) | 950 (21.3%) | 716 (20.6%) | 230 (19.0%) | 118 (20.0%) | 151 (22.1%) | 217 (22.1%) |
| Obesity | 1,220 (16.9%) | 610 (13.6%) | 624 (18.0%) | 232 (19.1%) | 111 (18.8%) | 126 (18.4%) | 155 (15.8%) |
| Charlson comorbidity index: 0 | 1,192 (16.5%) | 953 (21.3%) | 613 (17.7%) | 226 (18.6%) | 109 (18.4%) | 115 (16.8%) | 163 (16.6%) |
| Charlson comorbidity index: 1 | 1,479 (20.4%) | 959 (21.5%) | 722 (20.8%) | 252 (20.8%) | 104 (17.6%) | 151 (22.1%) | 215 (21.8%) |
| Charlson comorbidity index: 2 | 1,179 (16.3%) | 725 (16.2%) | 620 (17.9%) | 220 (18.1%) | 107 (18.1%) | 124 (18.1%) | 169 (17.2%) |
| Charlson comorbidity index: 3–4 | 1,854 (25.6%) | 1,050 (23.5%) | 890 (25.6%) | 319 (26.3%) | 157 (26.6%) | 185 (27.0%) | 229 (23.3%) |
| Charlson comorbidity index: ≥ 5 | 1,531 (21.2%) | 782 (17.5%) | 627 (18.1%) | 196 (16.2%) | 114 (19.3%) | 109 (15.9%) | 208 (21.1%) |
| Patients transferred between hospitals | 2,963 (41.0%) | 800 (17.9%) | 1,397 (40.2%) | 501 (41.3%) | 228 (38.6%) | 267 (39.0%) | 401 (40.8%) |
| Length of hospital stay (days) | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 41.5 (40.1) | 20.4 (16.8) | 37.6 (33.6) | 35.6 (32.3) | 35.6 (32.0) | 34.7 (29.9) | 43.2 (37.7) |
| Median (IQR) | 29.0 (16.0, 53.5) | 16.0 (10.0, 26.0) | 27.0 (16.0, 47.0) | 26.0 (15.0, 45.0) | 26.0 (16.0, 44.5) | 25.0 (15.0, 44.2) | 30.0 (19.0, 54.0) |
| Ventilation (days) | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 19.0 (19.2) | 4.1 (4.7) | 21.6 (20.2) | 20.1 (19.5) | 20.6 (19.5) | 21.5 (20.3) | 24.2 (21.3) |
| Median (IQR) | 13.3 (6.3, 25.1) | 2.7 (1.2, 5.3) | 15.8 (9.2, 27.5) | 14.3 (8.2, 25.7) | 15.5 (8.9, 25.3) | 15.6 (9.3, 26.4) | 18.0 (10.5, 31.0) |
| Tracheostomy | 2,705 (37.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1,312 (37.8%) | 437 (36.0%) | 216 (36.5%) | 256 (37.4%) | 403 (41.0%) |
| ECMO | 616 (8.5%) | 14 (0.3%) | 479 (13.8%) | 155 (12.8%) | 71 (12.0%) | 90 (13.2%) | 163 (16.6%) |
| Dialysis | 2,130 (29.4%) | 257 (5.8%) | 1,188 (34.2%) | 396 (32.6%) | 201 (34.0%) | 240 (35.1%) | 351 (35.7%) |
| In-hospital mortality | 3,874 (53.5%) | 1,949 (43.6%) | 2,306 (66.4%) | 746 (61.5%) | 382 (64.6%) | 470 (68.7%) | 708 (72.0%) |
ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, NIV = non-invasive ventilation, NIV-F = non-invasive ventilation failure.